History The Zhu Tan Mausoleum of King Lu is located at the southern foot of Jiulong Mountain, 12 kilometers northeast of Zoucheng. It is surrounded by red walls and shaded by pines and cypresses. It is a place for burial and sacrifice of Zhu Tan. According to the "History of the Ming Dynasty", Zhu Tan was the tenth son of Taizu of the Ming Dynasty and was born in the third year of Hongwu (1370). He was named King of Lu when he was two months old. In the 18th year of Hongwu (1385), when he was 15 years old, he established a vassal state in Yanzhou and administered four states and 23 counties. Zhu Tan was "a humble corporal, erudite, good at literature, and good at poetry", and was very loved by Zhu Yuanzhang. However, after moving into Prince Lu's Mansion in Yanzhou, he strayed into the wrong path and believed in Taoism. He burned incense, chanted sutras, and refined "elixirs" all day long, seeking elixirs of immortality, hoping for immortality. However, he ended up "pretending to use gold and stone medicine, which was poisonous and hurt his eyes." He only survived. 19 years old. Zhu Yuanzhang was very angry when he learned about it. He thought his behavior was really ridiculous, so he gave him the posthumous title of "Huang Wang".
The tomb of King Huang of the Ming Dynasty was not robbed, but after cleaning, more than 1,100 relics were unearthed. Among the treasures are the gold-woven satin dragon robe, the nine-shaped crown, and the nine-slit leather bean (biàn, ancient times). A hat worn by a man), "The Treasure of King Lu" with gilded wood seal, gold inlaid jade openwork jade belt, Tang Dynasty "Tianfeng Haitao" Qin, Song Gaozong's poem fan, Yuan Dynasty Qianxuan white lotus hand scroll, Yuan version of ancient books, gilded cloud and dragon pattern lacquer Boxes, green and white glazed jars with cloud and dragon patterns, etc.
Selecting a geomantic treasure land, he spared no effort in manpower and financial resources to build this large-scale mausoleum. The Huangwang Mausoleum is backed by Jiulong Mountain (the first peak of Jiulong Mountain, known as "Dragon Head", also known as "Xuanwu"), with Wohu Mountain in the east and Yuquan Mountain (also known as "Green Dragon" and "White Tiger") in the west. , far away from Zhuque Mountain in the south, the acupoints are determined according to the ancient "four gods' directions". "Book of Rites: Qu Li Shang": "The red bird is in front of the line and the black bird is in the back." There is Baima Spring below, which is the source of Baima River. The cemetery is located high up, facing the sun and close to the water. It looks at the surrounding mountains and rivers, the lush trees, and the picturesque scenery. It is not only a scenic spot on earth, but also a typical cemetery for princes of the Ming Dynasty. The mausoleum area originally covered an area of ??70,000 square meters. It was large in scale and solemn. It was divided into two parts: the mausoleum and the underground palace. Cemetery: The cemetery is divided into an inner city and an outer city, with inner and outer moats. The first gate to enter Shinto is the Wuchao Gate. In front of it is a single-arch stone bridge called "Yuqiao". The stone bridge railings are decorated with open-carved patterns such as Aquarius Ganoderma lucidum. There are two White Horse Springs on the east and west sides of the bridge. The spring water is clear and never dries up all year round, so it is known as the "Dragon Spring". Crossing the "Imperial Bridge" is the inner city gate. The inner city is divided into two parts, surrounded by a red wall that is 3.70 meters high and 0.70 meters wide. It is an ice plate eaves-style masonry structure. The cemetery is divided into two courtyards, front and rear. The layout is rigorous and the architecture is elegant and gorgeous. There are three south gates. The middle gate is the tallest and the side gates are slightly shorter. They are juxtaposed and are a door-hole style bracket building. The carved beams and painted buildings, with gorgeous colors, double eaves and brackets, are ready to fly in the sky. On the forehead of the middle gate square are three gilt characters "Lomb of the Wild King". The second gate is built on the same central axis as the south gate. It is a four-column and three-couplet style building with mountain-topped eaves. There is the Xiang Hall at the back, with seven couplets, resting on the mountain, double eaves and flying corners. It was the temple where King Zhu Tan of Lu was worshiped. It is said that there were turrets built on the four corners of the inner city wall back then.
Underground Palace: Exiting the back door of the cemetery is Fangcheng Minglou, which is an important symbol of the underground palace. The square city is 7.2 meters high and surrounded by a 2.70-meter-wide corridor for visitors to enjoy the scenery of the mausoleum area. There is a Ming Tower built on the square city. It is a Xieshan style building with cornices and brackets, which is majestic. Behind the square city is the underground palace. The underground palace is 26 meters deep from the surface. It consists of three parts: the tomb passage, the front chamber, and the back chamber. The stone was cut and expanded according to the mountain, and the chamber was built with blue bricks, with a tall earth seal on top. The underground palace has two stone gates, a tomb passage with a total length of more than 50 meters, and three retaining walls made of a mixture of lime and glutinous rice juice. In front of the tomb gate is an 8.86-meter-high earth-sealed wall. Behind the wall is a red diamond wall 8.20 meters high and 5.35 meters wide. The edge of the wall is decorated with green glazed tiles and kissing beasts. The first door is located in the corridor 1.50 meters from the entrance of the cave, and is a double-leaf pivot type. The door is made of huge stone, 2.40 meters high, 1.30 meters wide, and 0.18-0.20 meters thick. Each door weighs about 2 tons. The door hinge is inlaid with an alloy copper sleeve weighing about 15 kilograms. The front of the door is carved with nine vertical and horizontal rows of door nails and an iron title ring painted with gold. The stone gate was painted red and nailed with gold. Today, six hundred years later, the color is still very bright. This first door is the front room, which is an arched brick structure with polished square tiles on the floor. It is 8.25 meters long from north to south, 5.25 meters wide from east to west, and 4 meters high. It is an east-west top. The tomb building is grand in scale, tall and spacious, solid and tight, and has strong waterproofing. It is unique in architectural art. There is a large porcelain jar in the middle of the front part, 1.70 meters in diameter, containing an iron wick holder and soybean oil. It is called an eternal lamp, also called a ten thousand year lamp. There is a vermilion imperial case in the middle of the back, with three treasure boxes on the top of it. Inside, there is a gold seal of "The Treasure of King Lu" inlaid with wood. Also buried indoors is a huge group of wood-carved and painted figurines, totaling 432 pieces, including ceremonial figurines and musical figurines. The wooden figurines have fine carvings, concise knife skills, and different expressions. They hold various ceremonial guards and musical instruments. Among them are civil servants and burly guards standing with their hands clasped. What is particularly eye-catching is a tall horse, standing with its head held high. It is the most robust, fat and gorgeous horse among the 24 horses unearthed. The second stone door is basically the same as the front door, with a corridor between the two rooms. The back room is the coffin chamber, 8.20 meters long from east to west, 5.45 meters wide from north to south, and 5.50 meters high. In the middle part, there is a Xumizuo-style coffin bed 3.85 meters from north to south, 3.10 meters from east to west, and 0.50 meters high. The red lacquered nanmu coffin is placed on the coffin bed. Inside the coffin, Zhu Tan was dressed in a dragon robe, with a jade belt around her waist, a gold hairpin on her head, and 19 coins spread under her body. There are two wooden tables and two gold-painted wooden boxes on each side of the coffin bed. The box contains crowns, robes, boots, clothes, hats, jade gui, jade belts and toiletries.
On the table are placed the Four Treasures of the Study, music, chess, poetry and paintings. There are funeral plaques on the east and west walls. Other funerary objects include some small wares and porcelain made of wood, bamboo, copper, and tin.
Precious cultural relics unearthed: More than 1,100 cultural relics of various types were unearthed from the Zhu Tan Tomb***, and they are basically well preserved. The unearthing of this rich and precious cultural relics is of great significance to the study of social politics, economy, culture and official system in the early Ming Dynasty. Clothing, textiles, calligraphy, painting, etc. provide extremely precious information. The cultural relics from the red sandalwood tomb have been exhibited in Beijing, my country and Japan, arousing great interest.
The large number of funerary objects unearthed can be roughly divided into several categories: crown clothing, ceremonial guards, furniture, the four treasures of the study, music, chess, calligraphy and painting, the most prominent of which is the "crown". The crown is 18 cm high, 49.4 cm long and 30 cm wide. It is made of rattan strips, inlaid with gold rings and rims, and is decorated with plum blossoms on both sides of the crown, with a gold hairpin running through it. Jiuqi and Qiguan jade beads in five colors: red, white, green, yellow and black. It reflects the noble status of King Zhutan of Lu. The unearthed robes include gold-woven dragon robes with coiled collars and narrow sleeves, single robes with medium gauze, and robes with cross-collar dark floral moire patterns. The brocade patterns are very beautiful, and most of them are woven with gold threads. The dragon robe was worn by Zhu Tan on the day of the ceremony. It is 1.30 meters long, with sleeves about 1.10 meters long. It has a cross-collar and narrow sleeves. It is beige. The shoulders and chest and back are embroidered with gold woven dragon cloud patterns. The sleeves and knee rails are decorated. The lower part of the chest is decorated with three groups of nine rows of coiled lines. The patterns are rich and colorful and have important reference value for understanding and researching silk fabrics of the Ming Dynasty. Jade products account for a large proportion of the unearthed cultural relics, including a jade belt with moist jade quality and exquisite carving. It is composed of 25 sections of mutton-fat jade, inlaid with gold sheets, and engraved with hollow Ganoderma lucidum patterns. The first three sections are inlaid with double-layered transparent gold sheets, with one sapphire, two smaller sapphires, twelve rubies, eight pearls, six turquoises, two rectangular fluorites (green and pink respectively), and one Emeralds and a rare cat's eye gemstone, with a total of 33 gemstones of various colors inlaid throughout. The superb craftsmanship is truly rare. In addition, there is a white glazed cloud-dragon covered jar with a diameter of 24.4 cm, a bottom diameter of 21.2 cm, and a total height of 37.5 cm. Round lips, straight mouth, round belly, flat bottom. The carcass is thick and covered with bluish-white glaze. The cover is in the shape of an inverted lotus leaf, with clear veins and pearl buttons. The belly is engraved with a dark double dragon pattern, with heads raised and flying in the clouds chasing each other. The upper and lower parts of the dragon pattern are decorated with curly grass patterns. When unearthed, the jar contained pears, dates, meat, rice, eggs, vegetable leaves, etc. And two pieces of jade, made of jasper and mutton-fat jade respectively, as well as jade inkstone, jade pendant, jade pen tube, jade pen holder, etc. Judging from the craftsmanship of this batch of jade articles, it fully reflects the superb skills and ingenuity of the working people in ancient my country. "Tianfeng Haitao" piano. It is made of paulownia wood, with a black lacquer body, cracked like a snake cocoa, and the back is engraved with the seal script "Heavenly Wind and Haitao". There are two sounding grooves in the belly of the piano: Longchi and Fengmarsh. There are two lines of inscriptions in the Longchi: "Longxing Jia Shenkou of the Holy Song Dynasty, personally cut by Lei Wei of the Tang Dynasty". Lei Wei was a master of qin making in the Tang Dynasty and was famous for his skill in making snake qin. Lu You, the great poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, said in his poem: "The snake and clam guqin is priceless, and the fish intestine sword has spirit." It can be seen that the snake and clam qin made by Lei Wei is truly a treasure handed down from ancient times among the guqins of the Ming Dynasty. Song Sunflower and Butterfly Fan. Height 24.3 cm, width 25.5 cm. It is written on silk and colored with gold powder. The upper part of the painting has a red seal of "Emperor's City Book" and the bottom left of the painting has a seam red seal of "Si Yin". On the back, there is a gold-lettered postscript inscribed by Zhao Gou, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, on the sunflower fan: "The white dew has just passed in August, and the red leaves in the purple house are desolate; the yellow flowers are indifferent and no one is looking at them, and they are alone and devoted to the sunset." Yuan Qian selects meticulous white lotus paintings. Paper. It is 42 centimeters high and 90.3 centimeters long. At the bottom, there is a seven-character poem selected by Qian Qian: "The white jade flowers curling up in the jade pool, Qingdao is quiet and silent; the secluded person does not drink leisurely and carries his stick, but remembers the fragrance accompanied by the moonlight." Selected by Qian, Song Dynasty People from the late Yuan Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty. He was good at painting landscapes, flowers, birds and figures, and was one of the eight outstanding figures in the early Yuan Dynasty. The unearthing of these ancient paintings from the Song and Yuan Dynasties has provided valuable information for the study of ancient Chinese calligraphy and painting art. The funerary objects also include 21 volumes of 7 kinds of various books. There are "Zhu Xi Ding Ding Cai's Biography", "Hu Wen Ding Gong's Spring and Autumn Biography with Added Phonetic Notes and Examples", "Collected Notes on Four Books", "Shaowei Family School's Dictionary and Correspondence Notes", "Zhu Wengong School's Collected Works of Mr. Chang Li" ”, “Huang’s Supplement to Qianjia’s Notes on Chronological History of Du Gongbu’s Poetry”, etc. These Song and Yuan editions have become treasures handed down from generation to generation, and some are the only copies in China, which are truly treasures.
In order to show their status and dignity, Chinese emperors of all dynasties advocated "rich burials to show filial piety" and did not hesitate to use a lot of manpower and material resources to build huge mausoleums. The construction of the Zhutan Cemetery was actually a huge systematic project at that time. . Only excavation and expansion, filling and sealing of earth, the amount of earth and stone used is about 200,000 cubic meters. This ancient building complex with a history of more than 600 years fully demonstrates the wisdom and strength of the ancient working people.
From the spring of 1970 to 1971, archaeologists from Shandong Province, Jining Prefecture and Zouxian County, with the cooperation of relevant departments, excavated the underground palace of the Huangwang Mausoleum and unearthed more than 1,300 kinds of cultural relics. The largest one discovered is the largest underground palace south of Beijing and north of the Yangtze River.
Beginning in 1986, the People's Government of Zoucheng City invested heavily in the restoration and construction of the Huangwang Tomb. After two years, today's Huangwang Tomb has regained its former majesty. The Red Tan Tomb Cultural Relics Management Office has been established, with nearly 300 replicas of cultural relics arranged according to the original appearance of the tomb. It attracts a large number of Chinese and foreign tourists every year and has been announced as a key cultural relic protection unit in Shandong Province. Attached: The hereditary table of Luhuang King Tan, the tenth son of Taizu, was granted the title in the third year of Hongwu. In the 18th year, he conquered Yanzhou Prefecture. Died in twenty-two years. King Jing Zhaohui, the son of a commoner, was granted the title in the first year of Yongle. He died in the second year of Chenghua.
King Hui Taikan, the first legitimate son of Jing, conquered the throne in the third year of Chenghua. Nine years of death. Zhuang Wang Yangzhu, Hui's legitimate son, was granted the title in the twelfth year of Chenghua and passed away in the second year of Jiajing. Dangdao, the legitimate son of Zhuang, was granted the title of Crown Prince in the 19th year of Chenghua and passed away in the 18th year of Hongzhi. Sun Guanhuo was determined to attack the emperor and pursue the title of king. Yi said Huai. Jianmu Ge, pregnant with a legitimate son, was granted the title of grandson in the 16th year of Hongzhi. In the fifteenth year of Zhengde's reign, he passed away, and his son Guanhuo Dingyang attacked Feng. When he was granted the title of king, he expressed his condolences. King Duan watched the fire and mourned his legitimate son. In the seventh year of Jiajing, he was granted the title. Twenty-eight years of death. Prince Gong Yi Tan, Duan Yizi, was granted the title in the 30th year of Jiajing. He died in the 22nd year of Wanli. Respecting the king's longevity and respecting his six sons, he was first named King Fuping. Twenty-eight years of death. Childless. Xianwang Shouchonghong, the seventh son of the concubine, was first named King of Changde. On the twenty-ninth day of Wanli, he entered the seal. Chongzhen died in the ninth year. Childless. The nine sons of King Su, Shouyong and Gongshu, were first granted the title of King of Taixing. In the ninth year of Chongzhen's reign, he entered the feudal state. Twelve years of death. Since the beginning of Zhu Tan, it has been passed down to ten generations and thirteen kings, which lasted for 283 years and lasted throughout the entire Ming Dynasty.