1. What is an initial?
An initial is a consonant at the beginning of a syllable. For example, the consonant H in the syllable "h m 4 o (good)". Some syllables have no consonants at the beginning, such as: āyí (Auntie) and ài (Love) have no consonants at the beginning, which are called zero initial syllables.
Second, the relationship between initials and consonants.
1. From the perspective of analysis, divide different initials from the perspective of syllable structure; Consonants are analyzed from the nature of phonemes, that is, from the timbre.
2. Initial consonants with different conceptual ranges must be consonants, and consonants are not necessarily initials.
Third, the classification and pronunciation of initials.
(1) pronunciation part
1.Billip sound (upper and lower lips): b, p, m.
2. Lip sound (upper teeth, lower lip): F.
3. Pronunciation of the tip of the tongue (behind the upper teeth): Z, C, S.
4. the middle of the tip of the tongue (tip of the tongue, upper gum): d, t, n, l
5. Behind the tip of the tongue (tip of the tongue, anterior hard palate): zh, ch, sh, R.
6. Tongue sounds (pre-lingual, hard palate): J, Q, X.
7. Tongue root sounds (tongue root, soft palate): π, K, H.
(2) Pronunciation method
According to the blocked airflow and the way to overcome it, it can be divided into three stages.
Blockage (initial): the formation of obstacles. The pronunciation part begins to approach or approach, which is the posture stage.
Resistance (sound stem): the persistence of obstruction. The pronunciation organs are tense and the airflow is blocked. The vocal organs remain tense, breathing constantly and obstruction constantly. This is the main stage of consonant formation.
De-blocking (ending): Eliminate obstruction. Pronunciation site obstruction is eliminated, tension is eliminated, and pronunciation is over.
1. Obstruction: the pronunciation is partially blocked and the nasal passages are blocked; Resistance: the vocal organs are tense and hard, and the airflow is blocked; Resistance removal: the airflow breaks through obstacles and bursts into sound. b、p、d、t、ɡ、k。
2. Friction into resistance: the pronunciation parts are close, leaving a narrow gap; Resistance: the vocal organs are tense, and the airflow is squeezed out from the narrow gap and rubbed into sound; Remove resistance: the two parts of the vocal organs are completely separated and restored to their original state. Mandarin has six fricative sounds: F, H, X, sh, R and S.
3. The affricate sound is the same as the affricate sound; Holding resistance: the stop sound becomes a fricative sound; Remove resistance: same as fricative sound. Mandarin * * * has six affricates: Z, zh, C, ch, J and Q.
4. Nasal congestion: the pronunciation part is completely blocked, the soft palate is drooping, and the nasal passages are unblocked; Resistance: the vocal organs are tense, and the airflow with sound passes through the nasal cavity; Remove resistance: the two vocal organs leave and return to their original state. In mandarin, there are two nasal initials: m and n.
5. Lateral sound obstruction: the two vocal organs touch, the soft palate rises and the nasal passage closes; Resistance: the vocal organs are tense, and the air with sound flows out from the gap next to the tongue; Clear obstacles: the two vocal organs leave and return to their original state. Mandarin has only 1 consonant: l.
According to whether the vocal cords vibrate or not, they are divided into two categories.
1. unvoiced vocal cords do not vibrate. There are 17 unvoiced initials in Mandarin: B, P, F, D, T, π, K, H, J, Q, X, zh, ch, sh, Z, C, S.
2. Vocal cords vibrate when vocalizing. Mandarin has four voiced initials: m, n, l and r.
According to the strength of airflow, it can be divided into the following two categories.
1. Inhalation sound: The airflow is strong when pronouncing. Mandarin has six inspiratory sounds: p, t, k, c, ch and q.
2. Non-aspirated sound: the pronunciation airflow is weak, and there are six non-aspirated sounds in Mandarin: B, D, π, Z, zh and J.
The following poem "Song of Picking Mulberry" contains all the initials of Putonghua, and the correct initials of Putonghua can be achieved by repeated reading: every morning since the spring, picking mulberry scares birds; The wind smells good and flowers are in full bloom. I wonder how many flowers have been broken.
The initials of Mandarin and Weifang dialect correspond.
There are more initials in Shandong dialect than in Putonghua, and there are also initials in Putonghua in Shandong dialect, but they are not in one-to-one correspondence, and there are many more initials such as [η].
(a) Distinguish between aspirated and non-aspirated sounds
1. Mandarin is aspirated, but dialects are not aspirated: rough, touching, hugging, slapping, slapping, smearing, shy, etc.
2. There is no aspirated sound in Putonghua, but there are aspirated sounds in dialects: cell, collision, association, dike, feeding, detention, annihilation, colonization, sign and canthus.
(2) Distinguish between flat tongue and tongue.
1. Meridian is read as flat tongue: photo = entanglement = silkworm less = scanning.
2.Warp is pronounced as the voice of language: political struggle.
3. Misreading the ancient tone: Senfu is responsible for choosing the correct tone.
(1) Remember that there are many words with tongue sounds in unilateral Putonghua, so we might as well adopt the method of "remembering less and keeping more": remember a few words with tongue sounds, and just boldly pronounce the rest.
(2) Analogous phonetic radicals, and some words beside them, such as Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, are generally tongue sounds. Cao has a flat tongue sound, and some words beside the sound are ditch, noisy, bad and miserable.
(3) Using the phonological coordination law of Putonghua. U ι, uai, uanɡ π π only spell with the tongue-smacking sounds zh, ch and sh, but not with the flat tongue sounds Z, C and S.
(4) Help memory by tongue twisters, jingles, ballads and word lists. Four is four, ten is ten, fourteen is fourteen, forty is forty, and who says forty is fourteen? Let's try.
(3) Mandarin has only group sounds, but no sharp sounds. Shandong dialect is divided into sharp sounds and group sounds. Kindness, request
Some bitter words can't be put into group words. Zongzi (General), Zu (Tuan), Cong (Onion), Su, Su (Su), Song (Song), Loss, Bamboo Shoots (Sun)
(d) removing the initial nɡ.
N ɡ: Ai ɡ yi ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ 6
ɡ，ɡ，ɡ，ɡ
The rhyme at the end of the third quarter
What is a vowel?
A vowel is the part after the initial in a basic syllable. Mandarin has 39 vowels. Vowels are mainly composed of vowels, and some vowels are composed of one vowel, which is called monophthong; Some are composed of two or three vowels, called compound vowels; Other vowels are composed of vowels and nasal consonants (n or nɡ), which are called nasal vowels.
Second, the relationship between vowels and vowels
1. From the perspective of analysis, different vowels are obtained from syllable structure analysis and vowels are obtained from phoneme attribute analysis;
2. Vowels with different concepts are mainly composed of vowels, but not limited to vowels.
Third, the classification and pronunciation of vowels
(A) Structure class
1. A vowel composed of a single vowel is called a single vowel. The pronunciation characteristics of monosyllabic vowels are that the tongue position and mouth shape remain unchanged all the time. Appendix: "Schematic Diagram of Tongue Position"
2. Compound vowels, that is, vowels composed of two or three vowels.
Pronunciation characteristics of compound vowels
(1) gradually slides from the tongue position of one vowel to the tongue position of another vowel;
(2) The loudness of each vowel in pronunciation is different, and a vowel reads clearly and loudly.
The structure of vowels:
Rhyme belly is the backbone of vowels, and it is the vowel with the largest opening and the clearest pronunciation. The vowel before the rhyme belly is a rhyme head (also called "alto"), which is light and short, and often only indicates the starting point of pronunciation, and is acted by high vowels I, U and U; A vowel is followed by a rhyme, and the meta-rhyme is played with I and u(o). The fuzzy and unfixed sound value often indicates the direction of tongue sliding.
Vowel pronunciation: ai, ei, ao, ou.
Late vowels: ia, ie, ua, uo, ü e.
Chinese vowels: iao, iou, uai, uei.
3. Nasal vowel A nasal vowel is a vowel consisting of a vowel and a nasal consonant.
Pronunciation characteristics of nasal vowels
(1) The stress gradually becomes nasal, and the tongue position of vowels gradually becomes nasal consonant;
(2) It must end with a nasal sound, and it is a nasal sound that does not remove resistance.
There are eight nasal vowels: ι n, I ι n, u ι n, ι n, en, in, uen, ι n.
There are eight nasal vowels: ι n π, I ι n π, u ι n π, en π, in π, u ι n ω π, on π, ion ω π.
(b) category of "four calls"
1. Vowels whose ventral rhyme is not i, u, u or does not start with i, u, u belong to the opening rhyme ι, o, e, ι, -i (front), -i (back), er, ι I, ei, ι O, ou, ι.
2. rhymes with even-numbered teeth are I or vowels I, I ι, that is, I ι O, iou, I ι N, in, I ι N π, In π.
3. The ending rhyme is u or a vowel starting with u, u, uo, u, uei, UEN, u, n, uen and ON.
4. Vowel 653
The following "Fishing Song" contains all vowels in Mandarin. Read it repeatedly so as to pronounce vowels accurately.
People are far away from the river at night, and the waves are smooth; The net covers the heart of the moon, and the rod penetrates the water cloud;
Children chant and sigh; Fish and shrimp stay in the urn, and the spring is gratifying.
Fourthly, vowel recognition.
( 1) Distinguish e from uoge geke Ke Ke Ke Ke and he he ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee. E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
(2) Distinguish E from Correct Dialogue π, K and H in Mandarin by unilateral memory. Remember, if the dialect has?π, K, H, it can be changed to E. ..
(3) There are two ways to pronounce ie and üe correctly in Shandong dialect. One way is to pronounce ie as a special compound vowel I ι i, such as "Thank you Xie Jie". One is pronounced ie rhyme, such as "Jiejiejie".
(4) Changing nasal sounds and nasal rhymes means that when vowels are pronounced, the soft palate droops at the same time, and air flows out of the mouth and nose at the same time, and the mouth and nose sing together, which sounds like vowels with nasal colors. When practicing, you might as well deliberately divide the nasal consonants into two paragraphs, each of which is pronounced accurately and in place. You are pronouncing. You can also read N rhyme clearly, drag it out a little, and get into the habit of reading N rhyme.
(5) distinguish on, en, etc. Putonghua is mixed in the surrounding areas of Dongwei District, Laoshan District, jimo city, jiaozhou city, gaomi city, southern Changyi City, southern Changle City, pingdu city, Anqiu City, Zhucheng City, Jiaonan City, Wulian City and Rizhao City. "Hero" is pronounced as yonɡxionɡ, surging, application, the red light in the sky is redder, and the heroic eagle roams the starry sky. There is a hole in the mountain. There is a red light in the hole. The light turned the hole red.
Five, rhyming quotation.
Thirteen strokes: hair flower, slope, Gusu seventeen, Huailai far away, oil asking words.
Eighteen rhymes: one hemp, two waves, three songs, four positive five, six sons, seven qi, eight micro nine, ten aunts, eleven fish, twelve Hou, thirteen Hao, fourteen cold, fifteen marks, sixteen Tang, seventeen Geng and eighteen Dong.
The tone of the fourth quarter
First, the nature and function of tone
1. Tone is defined as the variation of syllable pitch. In Chinese, a Chinese character basically represents a syllable, so tones can also be called word tones. Similarly, the pitch change is different from music, the pitch change mode of tone is sliding, while the pitch change mode in music is mainly jumping; Tone mainly refers to the change of relative pitch, while music mainly refers to the change of absolute pitch.
2. The functions are different. For example, wuli can be physical, material, unreasonable, powerless, indoor, Wuli, powerful and unprofitable.
3. Tone is different from intonation. Indo-European pays attention to intonation, but there are few tones; Chinese pays attention to both intonation and tone, because Chinese intonation is based on the inherent tone of each syllable, which is a slight or slight improvement of the original tone. Intonation is of course more important than tone. Some people analyze that syllables are composed of "head, neck, abdomen, tail and spirit" and compare the tone to the "spirit" of syllables, which shows its importance.
Second, tone value and tone category and their relationship
1. tone is the actual pronunciation of tone, that is, the specific form of tone fluctuation. The numerical adjustment adopts the five-degree marking method.
2. Tone category is a kind of tone, which is summarized according to the tone value that can distinguish meaning, that is, the category established by summarizing words with the same tone value.
3. The relationship between value adjustment and category adjustment
(1) In the same language or dialect, there is a simple correspondence between them: the tone category is the same, and the tone value must be the same; Conversely, if the tone values are the same, the tone classes must be the same.
(2) In different languages or dialects, the relationship between them is complicated, the tone categories are the same, and the tone values are not necessarily the same; The tone values are the same, but the tone categories are not necessarily the same, and the reasons are complicated. The naming of tone categories is mainly based on ancient tone categories, while tone value is the actual description of pronunciation in the current language or dialect.
Third, the four tones of Mandarin.
Formulas for Adjusting the Value and Category of Example Words
High school, not 55 flat, high notes, all the way.
Huayangchang 35 Yangping is from middle to high.
When the language gets better, the sound on 2 14 drops first and then rises in zigzag.
Descending note 5 1: broken, rising sharply to the end.
Flat up, read low, flat up badly, the upper voice turns low, the tail rises, and the falling tone is slow.
Characteristics of Four Tones in Putonghua
First, cadence, not easy to mix, easy to learn and master; Second, there are many high-pitched components (only the upper voice has not reached the highest tone, but it has also reached half high), which is clear and loud.
Four-tone exercise:
Class friendship, children of workers and peasants, China, great rivers and mountains, beautiful body, open mind, broad-minded hero, diligence and hard work.
Fourthly, the tones of Shandong dialect correspond to those of Putonghua.
Four tones in Putonghua: aboveboard 55,35,214,51.
Tone of Shandong dialect: improve 2 13, 53, 55, 3 1.
Corresponding laws: from flat to curved, from curved to flat, from high to medium, from medium to high.
According to this rule, more than 80% dialects can be corrected accordingly. Some ancient Rusheng characters are exceptions, such as snow, iron and bamboo.
appendix
Tone Status in Urban Areas of Shandong Province
Yin and Yang are rising in this area.
Jinan 2 13 42 55 3 1
Qingdao 2 13 42 55 3 1
Dezhou 2 13 42 55 2 1
Taian 2 13 42 55 2 1
Binzhou 2 13 53 44 3 1
Dongying 2 13 53 44 3 1
Zibo 2 13 42 44 2 1
Jining 2 13 42 55 3 12
Linyi 324 53 55 3 12
Heze113 42 55 312
Liaocheng 13 42 55 4 12
Yantai 3 1 (Pingsheng) 2 14 44
Weihai 42 (Pingsheng) 3 12 44
Weicheng 23 53 55 3 1
Qingzhou 24 53 44 3 1
Shouguang 24 53 44 3 1
Linqu 2 13 42 55 3 1
Changle 2 13 53 55 3 1
Anqiu 2 13 53 55 3 1
Gaomi 2 13 42 55 3 1
Changyi 2 13 42 55 3 1
The fifth syllable
First, the syllable structure and characteristics of Putonghua
(A) the definition of syllables
Syllables are the basic unit of pronunciation and the smallest phonetic fragment that can be naturally felt in hearing. Mandarin syllables are composed of initials, finals and tones, and finals are divided into three parts: initials (middle tone), finals (main vowel) and finals (final tone).
(B) the causes of syllables
1. tension theory
2. Loudness theory
3. Exhale theory
4. Vowel theory
(3) Analysis step
1. Accurate Pinyin
Restore the original appearance
Confirm rhyme
Implement one by one
An example of syllable structure analysis in Putonghua
Word examples
The first letter of a Chinese syllable
Monovowel or compound vowel (of Chinese syllables)
pay attention to
Head vowel
Basic vowels in Chinese compound vowels
The ending vowel in the last sound.
correct
elder brother
(recovery)
Quinn
q
ü
ɑ
n
/
Wei w I
leisurely and carefree
u
e
I
￣
happy
pottery
t
ɑ
o
/
Hua huā
Hua
h
u
ɑ
￣
Lotus root u
hello
o
u
∨
Yeye
I love
I
ê
\
Mom, mom, mom.
plum blossom
m
ɑ
∨
goose
é
e
/
Ann
ánɡ
ɑ
nɡ
/
(E) The syllable structure characteristics of Putonghua
1. Generally speaking, each syllable consists of at least two parts of rhyme and tone, and at most five parts.
2. Vowel phonemes are dominant in syllables, with at least one phoneme and at most three phonemes as the beginning, abdomen and end of vowels respectively.
3. There can't be consonants in a syllable. If there are consonants, consonant phonemes only appear at the beginning (as initials) or the end (as finals) of syllables, and there is no continuous arrangement of two consonants.
4. Only the high vowels I, U, U are used as the rhyme head, and the vowels I, O, U or nasal consonants N, nɡ are used as the rhyme tail. Every vowel can act as a rhyme.
(6) Syllable structure analysis exercises
Wei. Fang. Coke. Yu. Xue. Yuan. You Swimming. Swimming pool. Wine. Architecture.
(7) homework
Ego, ego, emptiness, inner, no, shame, right, don't (extracurricular exercise)
Virtual. Heart. Self. Faith. Both. Value. Get it. Me, us. Propose marriage Advocate.
Second, the relationship and law of Putonghua phonetic combination
1. Open vowels can be spelled with initials other than tongue sounds J, Q and X.
2. Homophonic vowels are not spelled with labial teeth sounds, root sounds, pre-acute sounds and post-acute sounds.
3. Closed vowels can be spelled with other initials instead of tongue sounds J, Q and X, but when spelled with double lip sounds and labial teeth sounds, they are limited to single vowel U..
4. Pinch vowels only spell the middle tones N and L on the tip of the tongue and the tongue sounds J, Q and X, and do not spell other initials.
Other small rules should also be noted.
First, the rhyme "o" only spells the initial consonant of lip sound, and uo can't spell the initial consonant of lip sound.
Second, "on π" has no initial syllable, and can only be spelled with the first initial, while "uenɡ π" is the opposite.
Thirdly, the rhyme "-i (before)" only spells three initials "Z, C and S", while the rhyme "-i (after)" only spells four initials "zh, ch, sh and R" without zero initials.
Fourth, the rhyme "er" is not spelled with any initials, but only has zero initials syllables.
Brief table of phonological combination of Putonghua
The first letter of a Chinese syllable
Monovowel or compound vowel (of Chinese syllables)
Open your mouth and shout loudly
A syllable (vowel) ending in I or the last one beginning with I.
Section)
A syllable category (vowel) ending in u or ending in u.
Chinese]
Two o'clock in the afternoon
have
have
Yes (u only)
not have
lips and teeth—be closely related and mutually dependent
f
have
not have
Yes (u only)
not have
Pronunciation in standard Chinese]
d t
have
have
have
not have
n 1
have
have
have
have
Pronunciation in standard Chinese]
ɡ·k·h
have
not have
have
not have
Pronunciation in standard Chinese]
z c s
have
not have
have
not have
Pronunciation in standard Chinese]
zh ch sh r
have
not have
have
not have
lingual
j q x
not have
have
not have
have
Third, the spelling of syllables
(A) Pinyin essentials
1. The initial should be pronounced.
2. Read compound vowels and nasal vowels correctly.
3. Don't pause between sound and rhyme
"The first sound is light and short, then the second sound is heavy, and the two sounds are connected together, with a bang" (Qi Jianhua)
"The sound is short, the rhyme is long and the connection is tight, and the front is tight and the back is loose" (Xu Shirong)
(2) Pinyin method
1.
2. Three spellings
3. Acoustic mediation method
4. Direct call method
5. Scaffolding Pinyin Method
Fourth, the spelling of syllables
The use of (1)Y and w
Y and w play the role of separating syllables in spelling. When monosyllabic vowels I, U and U are self-contained syllables or vowels starting with I, U and U are self-contained, Y and W should be used at the beginning of syllables.
(b) The use of the sound insulation symbol "".
Zero initial syllables starting with ι, o and e are connected with other syllables. In order to avoid confusing syllable boundaries, they are separated by the sound insulation symbol''. For example, the penguin Qǐ' file dà n ɡ' an.
(3) Local writing
Ellipsis includes the ellipsis of some phonemes and the ellipsis of additional symbols in spelling.
1. Omit IOU, uei and uen.
2.④ Omit the above two points.
3. The scope of writing
(4) Calibration method
1. key signature should be marked on the main vowel (rhyme) of the syllable.
2. In syllables with omitted vowels (iu, ui), key signature should be marked on the following vowel u or i..
3. If key signature is marked on I, the point on I is omitted.
4. Don't shout key signature softly.
All syllables are marked with original sound, not tone sandhi. (Except for special requirements)
(5) Usage of capital letters
1. Capitalize the letter at the beginning of the sentence and the letter at the beginning of each line in the poem.
2. Capitalize the first letter of each word in proper nouns or proper phrases (country names, place names, book titles, article titles or proper names of institutions, organizations, stores, etc.). Don't capitalize key signature.
3. The names of China people are composed of surnames and first names, and the first letter of each part is capitalized.
(6) Word segmentation and migration
P ǔ t not n ɡ Hu à, Hija Osd Riye y ǔ yá n.
Mandarin is the professional language of teachers.
Fifth, the phonological coordination characteristics of Weifang dialect.
(A) N, l spelled uei
(2) b, p, m and f spell uo and e.
(3)d, t, z, c and s spell ei.
F spells ei, not i.
(5) spell b, p, m and l into en.