Du Fu (A.D. 7 12-770), Han nationality, with beautiful words, was named Shaoling Yelao, Du Shaoling and Du Gongbu. China was a great realistic poet in ancient times, and was called "Poet Saint". He wrote 1400 poems in his life. Originally from Xiangyang, Hubei Province, Gong County, Henan Province. The distant ancestor was Du Yu, a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty, and his father was Du Xian. Tang Suzong, Official Left Addendum. After he entered Shu, he was recommended by his friends as a staff officer of Ren Jiannan Drug Rehabilitation Center, and Yuan Wailang was appointed as the school's engineering department. Therefore, later generations also called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu.
Du Fu studied and traveled before he was thirty-five. During the Tianbao period, he went to Chang 'an and had no way to join the army. After ten years of hardships, he won a small position in which you Wei led Cao to join the army. At the beginning of An Shi Rebellion, he was exiled and captured by the rebels. After getting out of danger, the official got a left pickup truck. In the second year of Gan Yuan (759), he abandoned his official position and went west. Finally he went to Sichuan and settled in Chengdu. He once played Yuan Wailang in Jiannan Our Time Yanwu, so he was also named Du Gongbu. In his later years, his family moved eastward, staying in Kuizhou for two years and leaving the gorge. Wandering in Hubei and Hunan, he died of poverty and illness.
Zi Mei lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Her poems are mostly about social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings, which is called "the history of poetry". He cares about the country and the people, has a noble personality and exquisite poetic skills, and is known as the "poet saint".
Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and creatively developing them. He is the pioneer of the new Yuefu poetry style. His Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the new Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. His "May 7th" ancient novel, which is also a history of poetry, begins to narrate and focus on the whole story, marking the high achievement of China's poetry art. Du Fu also showed extraordinary creativity in the May 7th law, and accumulated complete artistic experience in the aspects of temperament, antithesis, refining words and sentences, which made this genre reach a fully mature stage. Du Gongbu has been handed down from generation to generation.
Du Fu is as famous as Li Bai and is known as the "Great Du Li" in the world. The core of his thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent government. He has a great ambition of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior first, and then making the customs pure". He loves life, people and the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hated evil, criticized and exposed the corruption of the imperial court and the dark phenomenon in social life. He sympathized with the people and even fantasized that he was willing to make self-sacrifice to save their suffering. Therefore, his poetry creation always runs through the main line of worrying about the country and the people, which shows Du Fu's greatness. His poems are rich in social content, rich in the color of the times and distinctive in political inclination, which truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and broad social life prospect of a historical era before and after the An Shi Rebellion, and are called the "history of poetry" of a generation. The style of Du Fu's poems is basically "gloomy and frustrated", and the language and text structure are full of changes, emphasizing the refinement of words and sentences. At the same time, his poems have many styles. Besides the five ancient poems, the seven ancient poems, the five laws and the seven laws, he also wrote many lines. There are also various artistic techniques, which are the epitome of the ideological art of Tang poetry. Du Fu also inherited the spirit of Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties, got rid of the shackles of the ancient Yuefu themes and created many new Yuefu themes, such as the famous Three Officials and Three Farewells. After his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Fu's poems had a far-reaching influence on Bai Yuan's literary thought of "New Yuefu Movement" and Li Shangyin's near-body allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Yu Wang, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu, while Wen Tianxiang regarded Du Fu's poems as a spiritual force to adhere to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems, from ancient times to the present, has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art. For details of his life, see Old Tang Book 190. This is Du Gongbu.
Three Officials and Three Farewells are the representative works of Du Fu's realistic poems. It truly describes the thoughts, feelings, actions and language of county officials, customs officials, old women, old people, brides, husbands and others in a specific environment, vividly reflects the social reality of that period and the profound disasters and pains of working people, and shows people tragic life tragedies. In these descriptions of life sufferings, on the one hand, the poet has deep sympathy for the people who have suffered greatly, and hates the enslavement and persecution of the people by officials; On the other hand, he supported the counter-insurgency war of the dynasty and hoped that the people would suffer hardships and cooperate with the dynasty to put down the rebellion. This complex and contradictory thought accords with the poet's thought of worrying about the country and the people.
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Brief introduction of Shi Gui-Li He
China was a poet in Tang Dynasty. The word is long and auspicious. Originally from Longxi, he was born in Changgu, Fuchang (now Yiyang, Henan), and later called Lichanggu. The imperial clan of the Tang Dynasty is descended from Li Liang, the king of Zheng, but his family has declined. Outstanding talent as a teenager, a minor celebrity in Beijing. The father's name is Jin Su, and he is not allowed to be promoted to the first place because he avoids his father's taboo. He was depressed and ill all his life. He only served as Li Lang for three years. He died at the age of 27, and later he was called Shi Gui.
Li He devoted his life to poetry. Guo praised Han Yu's prose "pen makes nature useless", which can also be used as his self-praise. His poems include four aspects:
(1) satirizes dark politics and bad social phenomena. His writing of this kind of works has a certain realistic foundation. In his early years, he lived in Changgu, which was close to the road from Luoyang to Chang 'an, and he had to go through transportation, and dignitaries came and went, which made him understand the heavy exploitation of the people and the lewdness and evil deeds of the ruling class, and provided creative materials for precocious poets. Later, during the southern tour, the official dynasty, the corruption and incompetence of the upper ruling group, the disaster caused by the separatist regime in the buffer region, the rampant lawlessness of corrupt officials and the suffering of the lower people further aroused the poet's indignation. Li He wrote this kind of poems, some expressed current affairs directly, and some borrowed ancient times to stab the present. Among them, it satirizes the court of the Tang Dynasty, which is full of singing and dancing, feasting and feasting, and enjoying itself day and night, such as drinking by the king of Qin; Vaguely reflect the court events, such as "Han drinking songs"; Criticize Xian Zong's pursuit of immortals, such as Immortal and Messenger of Kunlun; Those who oppose the disaster caused by the separatist regime in the buffer region and praise the rebellion in the buffer region, such as A Trip to the Tiger, A Trip to the Wild Gate, The Old Yecheng Boys' Ballad that the King Stabbed Cao Cao, and Guiding, etc. Reflect the arrogance and extravagance of the aristocrats in Youmen, such as Ronghua Le, Qin Gong Shi, Peony Divine Comedy, Sleeping at Night, Nocturnal Songs of the Noble Son, Ridiculous Boys and Ancient Meanings of the Balcony; Satire those eunuchs who lost their talents in power, such as General Lu Song, Liu Satire, San Si and Qing Yin; Reflect the harassment of border enemies and the hard life of anti-enemy fighters such as Moduolouzi; Expose the exploitation and persecution of the people by the feudal ruling class, such as "The Old Lady Picks Jade Songs" and "Five Musts"; Sympathize with the miserable life of imperial concubines, such as "Song of the Palace Baby" and "Opening a House"; Reflect the military resistance activities of ethnic minorities, such as Huangjiadong; Reflect the sinister cannibalism society, and upright people suffer, such as "not going out on business" and "Ai Zhangru"; Criticism of the imperial examination system failed to select real talents, such as Song of Sending Shen Ya, Miscellanies of Renhe Huangfu and so on. Reflects a wide range of social life. A few of these poems use ancient poems with five or seven words, but a large number of them use Yuefu style, or borrow old topics to create new ones or create their own, and most of them are concise and beautiful. Some meanings are obscure, such as the golden boy Ren Xian's ci-poetry and Huan Zi's gigging. Du Mu thought that "if you seek its territory, you don't know its territory, but you don't know its territory" (Preface to Li Changji's Song Poetry). In addition to the contemporary Yuefu schools of "Yuan, Bai" and "Zhang and Wang", Li He's poems are unique. Wang Fuzhi's Selected Poems of the Tang Dynasty said: "Chang Ji's satire moves people today, and emotions move people today." Mao's "Poetry Discrimination" said: "After the Dali period, Li He was the only one who solved the legacy of Yuefu. The color is great, but the meaning of words is more important than the article. Carved on the text, it is awkward. " This is the most important part of Li Heshi.
Two people are angry and lyrical. Li He has a positive political embrace of using the world. Although suffering from illness due to career difficulties, there are "I am not satisfied with my twenties, and I am worried about repaying my gratitude like a withered orchid" (Song of Febrile Diseases), but such as Chongyi Staying in the Rain, Gift, Haug, To Drink, Spring Back to the Long Valley, South Garden and so on. However, unwilling to sink, he issued the grandiose words of "there is no hero in the world", "the cock crows all over the world, and the young people's hearts are floating clouds", full of the ambition of "closing the mountain and gathering fifty States" This is another basic aspect of Li Heshi's thoughts and feelings. However, in articles such as A Day Trip, A Bitter Day is Short, Ballad in the Sky, Dream of Heaven, Xiangquan Wine, Guan Jie Drum, etc., it shows the sorrow of time and the short-lived negative of life.
(3) writing fairy and ghost themes. Li He is a young poet, but there are more than 20 words "death" and more than 50 words "old" in his works, which reflects his sentimental feelings about the fleeting good times. "Qushuixiang is gone forever, and pear flower falls is an autumn garden" ("Henan government tries December music?" "March") and "Love is a teenager's dusk, and peach blossoms fall in red rain" ("Into the wine"), expressing his helplessness in real life; "It's a pleasant winter, and the days are long and the nights are long" ("Henan government tries December music?" "December" reveals his vision for a better future. In the contradiction between the two, he explored a way to get rid of death, so he had a wonderful fantasy about the realm of immortals. Mythical figures such as the Queen Mother and Chang 'e, paradise scenery such as Pu Yin and the Moon Palace. It appears in masterpieces such as Songs in the Sky and Dreaming of Heaven, which is extremely fantastic. However, in such works as Ancient Tour Parade, Geci, Guan Jie Drum, Shen□, etc. , fictional birth and vicissitudes of the gods. Since you can't escape from death, the description of the ghost world has another kind of horror: "Ghost lights are like lacquer pine flowers" ("Walking in Nanshanchang"), "Ghost rain scatters grass" (Part III of Five Satiries), "Autumn grave ghosts sing precious poems and hate blood for thousands of years" ("Qiu Lai"), and "centenarians are charming. Ghosts haunt me. It's weird. Therefore, Qian Yi and Song Qi in Song Dynasty called Li He a genius. Du Mu said: "It's not surprising to complain about others for stubbornness and arrogance, and pity for others", and "It's not surprising to be vain and absurd" (Preface to Li Changji's Songs and Poems), which is a general comment on this kind of poems.
(4) other themes such as chanting things. Among them, such as Li Ping's quotations, Zi□ songs and listening to Ying Shi's piano music. Through the strange imagination and metaphor of "rock-breaking", this paper describes the superb skills and touching musical beauty of musicians, expresses the author's embrace and gives people a deep feeling. Yang Sheng's Song of Blue and White Purple Stone Inks praised the ingenious workmanship of the working people. The Man in Luofushan and Gepian describes the stunt of the old weaver girl weaving rain to cut Hunan. There are also "four new bamboo shoots in Changgu North Garden" to praise youthful vitality with bamboo shoots; Twenty-three horse poems, by chanting horses, reflect real politics and express the author's anger. The last two groups of poems also use quatrains that Li He usually doesn't use. This kind of poems generally shows the breadth of Li He's poems and the depth of his thoughts. The works such as Beauty Combs Her Hair reveal the author's appreciation attitude towards the life of aristocratic women.
The artistic features of Li He's poems are rich and peculiar imagination, desolate management, refined sentences and magnificent colors. Strange words such as "Why knock on the sun glass", "Drunk and drink the bright moon" ("Drinking by the King of Qin") and "Floating clouds learn the sound of water" ("Songs in the sky") abound. He is especially good at short stories, such as Ballad in the Sky, Dream of Heaven, Song of Di Zi, ChristianRandPhillips and so on. , is a masterpiece called "long body" by later generations. He also has several works that are easy to understand, such as Love Walks, Five Satiries, Beijing and Mocking Teenagers. He wrote many ancient poems and Yuefu, rarely wrote modern poems that were popular at that time, and never wrote any seven-character poems, which shows his dissatisfaction with the poetic style at that time. On the other hand, he was influenced by the poems of Qi Liang Palace, borrowed their words, and was contaminated with some unhealthy things. Because of too much emphasis on carving, some works also have the defects of obscure meaning and piled up words. But as far as the basic achievement is concerned, just as he praised Han Yu's works, it is "28 nights in my heart, and the essence of Yuan is still there" (Guo). In the Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin and Wen's ancient poems followed the path initiated by Li He. Liu Kezhuang and Xie Ao in Song Dynasty, Sadu and Yang Weizhen in Yuan Dynasty, Li Jian and Yao Xie in Qing Dynasty were all influenced by Li Heshi.
Poets have different opinions on Li He's poems. Du Mu praised him as a "descendant of Sao Miao" (Li Changji's Preface to Songs and Poems), Gao□ called him a "genius of heaven" (poetry anthology of Tang and Song Dynasties), Wang Fuzhi called him an "enemy of truth and worship" (poetry anthology of Tang and Song Dynasties), and Yao thought he was a "ghost" who belittled Li (poetry anthology of Long Valley).
Li He's Poems, edited into four editions, was awarded to Shen, including 223 poems. The four volumes of Li Heji circulated since the Northern Song Dynasty are all 2 19. The number of volumes is the same as that of self-compiled, but the number of articles is different, and the number is also chaotic and inaccurate. There are also five volumes in the anthology, including four volumes plus Waiji 1 volume, and 23 poems, totaling ***242. The number of articles is also different from that compiled by Li He. There are five volumes in Xuancheng edition of the Northern Song Dynasty, which were compiled by Zaijiguge, Dong Shi Zen Powder Room and Jiang Miyun Lou, collectively called Li Poetry. There is also a Southern Song edition of "A Series of Continuation of the Ancient Times" called "Li Changji's Collected Works", which has no external collection. There are also four copies of Tongjianlou in Mongolian, which are called Poems of Li. The last two original works are now in Beijing Library.
The earliest annotation was Wu Zhengzi's annotation in the Southern Song Dynasty, which was circulated in Japanese printed and popular editions. Later, Wang Qi's Poems of Li Changji's Songs selected comments or notes from Wu Zhengzi, Xu Wei, Dong Maoce, Zeng Yi, Yu Guang, Yao□ and Yao et al. There are also Chen's "Xie Lu Gou Xuan", new comments and new comments. The Biography of Li He's Poems, published by 1977, is a compilation of Memories, Notes by Yao and Notes by Fang Shiju. In addition, Qian Zhonglian has Notes on Reading Changgu Poems, A Brief Comment on Li Changji's History of Poetry, and A History of Yongzhen's Poetry, which has new insights on the ability of poetry textual research. Qian Zhongshu Li He Chronicle Annotation, published in 1984, is a new book with the characteristics of chronology and poetry annotation, and its interpretation of poetry is different from the old annotation.
Li He's life includes Li Shangyin's Biography of Li He, the old and new editions of Tang Shu, Xuanshizhi, Advocating and Predicting Immortals, etc., as well as Zhu Ziqing's Chronicle of Li He, Qian Zhonglian's Chronicle of Li Changji and Chronicle of Li He for reference.
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Brief introduction of Li Bai, a poet
Li Bai (70 1-762), born on February 8, 70 1, Han nationality, was a great romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty and was called a poet in the history of China. His poetic style is bold and elegant, with rich imagination, fluent and natural language and harmonious temperament. He is good at absorbing nutrients from folk songs and myths, forming his unique magnificent and gorgeous colors. He is the new peak of active romantic poetry since Qu Yuan, and is also called "Du Li" with Du Fu. He is the greatest poet in China history.
Li Bai's ancestral home is Ji Cheng (now Qin 'an County, Gansu Province). At the end of Sui Dynasty, he moved to Broken Leaf City in Central Asia (now near tokmak in northern Kyrgyzstan), where Li Bai was born. At the age of five, his family moved to Zhangming County, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou County, Sichuan Province). At the age of 20, he left Sichuan alone and began to wander widely, reaching Xiangjiang River in Dongting in the south and wuyue in the east, and living in Anlu (now Anlu County, Hubei Province). He traveled around, hoping to make friends and pay homage to celebrities, so as to get an introduction, climb high in one fell swoop and realize his political ideals and ambitions. However, after ten years of wandering, I have accomplished nothing. Continue to go north to Taiyuan and Chang 'an, east to Qi and Lu, and live in Rencheng, Shandong (now Jining, Shandong). At this time, he has made many celebrities and created a lot of excellent poems, which are famous all over the world. In the early years of Tianbao, on the recommendation of Taoist Wu Renyun, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty called him to Beijing and ordered him to worship the Hanlin. Soon, due to the remorse of the dignitaries, he was driven out of Beijing in Tianbao 34 (AD 744 or 745). Since then, he has been wandering in Jiang and Huai, and his thoughts are extremely boring.
In the winter of the 14th year of Tianbao (AD 755), An Lushan rebelled. At this time, he lived in seclusion in Lushan Mountain, which coincided with the great army of Wang Yong and invited Li Bai down the mountain to enter the shogunate. Later, Li Lin rebelled against Su Zong and was eliminated. Li Bai was implicated and sentenced to exile in Yelang (now Guizhou Province). He was pardoned and released halfway from Xunyang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) to Xuancheng (now Xuancheng, Anhui). In the first year of Baoying (AD 762), Dai Zong died in dangtu county, Anhui.
Li Bai lived in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He had the progressive ideal of "helping the poor" and "settling down in peace", and he struggled to realize this ideal all his life. A large number of his poems not only reflected the prosperity of that era, but also exposed and criticized the debauchery and corruption of the ruling group, showing the positive spirit of despising the powerful, resisting the traditional bondage and pursuing freedom and ideals. In art, his poems are novel in imagination, strong in emotion, magnificent in artistic conception and fresh and lively in language, forming a bold artistic style and reaching the peak of positive romantic poetry in ancient China. There are more than 900 poems, including Li Taibai's poems.
His poems are rich in imagination, unique in conception, magnificent and bold in style, and he is a representative figure of romantic poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
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