Modern schools of British and American poetry. Image is an objective image with subjective feelings and an inherent concept in China's classical literary theory. From the Book of Changes, Zhuangzi, The Book of Songs and Li Sao to Wen Xin Diao Long, Tang poetry and Tang and Song poetry, the image theory has experienced a long development process in theory and practice. At the beginning of the 20th century, under the rich, implicit and vivid influence of French symbolism and China's classical poetry, some writers and critics, represented by American poets Pound, Amy Lowell and English poets Thomas Hume and richard aldington, launched a poetry movement against abstract preaching and outdated themes and expressions. 19 12, pound adopted the name of Imagist for the first time. During the period of1915 ~1917, a collection of imagist poems was published every year. After Pound quit Imagism, Lowell continued to lead the activities of Imagism, and put forward six principles, namely, language should be popular and accurate, new rhythms should be created, themes should be completely free, poems should be written with images, and expressions should be concrete, concise and centralized. Later, Lowell added the principle of "be subtle, not straightforward". Their efforts to oppose1the stale English poetry style in the late 9th century with vivid images and short and pithy "Chinese-style" poetry style are of positive significance, but they pay attention to the form and skills of poetry and often ignore the social significance and ideological value of their works. After World War I, Imagist poets gradually parted ways, and this school gradually disintegrated. Around the October Revolution, Imagism was introduced to Russia, and the first batch of young poets and painters such as Ye Saining published the Imagism Declaration, formed a group and published Imagism magazines and poetry collections. The group was dissolved on 1927. In 1930s, British critic Caroline Sperzin published The Image of Shakespeare, which made a lot of research on the images in Shakespeare's plays and became the pioneer of imagism in Shakespeare's criticism. From the 1940s to the 1960s, new schools of poetry, such as image metaphysics represented by carl shapiro and John Malcolm and deep imagism represented by james wright and Louis Simpson, appeared in American poetry, indicating that imagism had a great influence on American poetry.
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1886. A young poet named Jean Morais published a literary declaration in le figaro, advocating that the avant-garde poets at that time should be called "symbolists". This declaration marks the birth of symbolism. In fact, before this, symbolism, as a new creative method, had sprouted as early as the period when romanticism prevailed. Many romantic poets use symbolism to some extent: suggestion is more than explanation, and implication is more than full play. Baudelaire, Malalum, Rambo, Welland and other famous symbolists, pioneers of symbolism, published a large number of symbolic works.
Different from the previous panas School, symbolism has returned to the old road of focusing on expressing personal feelings. But in expressing personal feelings, it is very different from romantic lyric. It describes not the superficial joys and sorrows in daily life, but the elusive inner secrets; Or as Malaram said, it shows the "only truth" hidden behind ordinary things. Therefore, symbolism has greatly changed the language of poetry. Special and unexpected arrangements and combinations are made for everyday words and phrases to make them have new meanings. Symbolism is not satisfied with depicting clear lines and fixed outlines. The artistic effect it pursues is not to make readers understand what the poet wants to say, but to make readers understand something. Let readers realize that there is profound meaning in it. Symbolism does not pursue simplicity and clarity, nor does it deliberately pursue obscurity; What it pursues is half bright and half dark, and the combination of light and shade is confusing. Symbolic poetry attaches great importance to the musical effect, but the musicality of poetry is not simply expressed by mechanical rhyme, but by the inherent rhythm and melody of poetry. Prose poems are no less musical than metrical poems, and sometimes even better than metrical poems, so many symbolist poets write prose poems with distinctive features.
1886 ~ 189 1 year is the prosperous period of French symbolism poetry. The representative works of this period include Poetry and Prose by Marah, Flowers of Kindness by Laffargue and Episode by Henri de Rainier. 189 1 year, Morais first announced his departure from symbolism, and many symbolist poets also developed in the direction of their own choice, no longer following the symbolic artistic standards of * * *, and the symbolism school disintegrated. However, symbolism, as a literary trend of thought and artistic style, has far-reaching influence. Important French poets in the 20th century, such as Valerie, Claudel, Yammer, and even Saint John Perseus, were all listed as late symbolists by critics. There are famous Belgian symbolist poets Ferhallen and maeterlinck. Symbolist poets such as Dai Wangshu and Li Jinfa also appeared in the history of modern poetry in China.