(repost)
Basic knowledge of poetry
First, the essence of poetry
In ancient times, there were three viewpoints: attaching importance to ambition, attaching importance to emotion and being reasonable.
1, Shuo Wen poem, Zhi Ye. From the words, the temple sounds. "
"Book of History Yao Dian" "Poetry expresses ambition, Song always says, sound is eternal, law and harmony";
Idiom, the original meaning is to stop at the heart, that is, to hide in the heart. People's understanding of "ambition" in the pre-Qin era is mainly the meaning of thought, ambition and ambition, but it also contains emotional genes.
2. In Qu Yuan's era, "lyric theory" came into being, but it was strangled in the cradle by Han Confucianism.
"Chu ci. Cherish the surge "and" cherish the surge to anger and express emotion. "
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, "the awakening of man" brought "the awakening of literature".
Lu Ji's "Wen Fu" "Poetry is beautiful because of love and clear because of body." Because of tenderness, Yan Yu's "Cang Lang Shi Hua" "Poets sing about love."
Xie Ming Zhen's "Four Poems" "Poetry is based on emotion."
Qing Fei Huang Xi's "General Review of China's Poetry": "Poetry tells stories, writers tell stories, and poetry is rotten after saying a word." This shows that China people's concept of poetry is gradually converging, and they realize that the essential feature of poetry is "chanting temperament".
3. Modern
Guo Moruo "The essence of poetry lies in lyricism."
Mu China Poetry Society: "We should grasp the reality and sing the consciousness of the new century."
Second, the theory of poetic style
The word "demeanor" originally refers to people's demeanor and character. When it is used to talk about literary criticism and poetry, it refers to the artistic personality and artistic characteristics shown by writers and artists in their artistic creation. It is the expression of the harmonious and unified characteristics of the content and form of the work, and belongs to the comprehensive aesthetic category.
1, time style theory
The artistic style of poetry has always been restricted by the environment and social conditions of the times, and the style varies from time to time.
At the beginning of the May 4th Movement, the common people's consciousness praised the lower classes.
During the Anti-Japanese War, poetry was consistent in content and art.
At the beginning of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), there was a craze for carols.
Exaggerated folk songs, the "Great Leap Forward" new folk song movement, "One ear is not long, and a bridge is built on the Yellow River; Ten cars walk side by side and the train passes without swaying. " "The straw is as thick as an urn, the wheat awn points to the sky, a wheat husk and a tile, and a grain of wheat for three days. "
During the May 4th Movement, Guo Moruo, who predicted the rebirth of China with the symbol of Phoenix, took the lead in singing new carols. Ai Qing, who wrote "Curse of the Unfair World" in the prison of old China, wrote "National Flag, I miss my motherland"; He Qifang, who was famous for singing "Night Song" in old China, wrote our greatest festival, and even Hu Feng, who was worried at that time, wrote it in full swing. Praise for the party, the leaders, the motherland, the new era and the revolution became an important theme of poetry at that time.
2. The writer's style theory.
It is not the time style, regional style or poetic style that plays a decisive role in an artistic style, but the poet's own artistic personality, which is composed of the writer's personal temperament, artistic accomplishment, life experience, aesthetic ideal and other factors.
"Ming" Tian Yiheng "Shi Xiangyu Tan" "Taibai is elegant, so poetry is elegant"; Zi Mei is a calm person, so poetry is calm.
Xue Xue's "A Spoon of Poems" "Fast poems must be natural and unrestrained, sincere poems must be solemn, and charming poems must be elegant ..."
"Poetry originates from words" Wen Yiduo and Xu Zhimo
3. Aesthetic style theory.
The theory of "feminine and masculine" was put forward by Yao Nai. In Shu, I heard the way of heaven and earth, but Yin and Yang only combined rigidity with softness. The screenwriter is an elite of heaven and earth, and the yin and yang are also soft. "
(1) The so-called "masculine beauty" refers to the "majestic beauty" in western poetry, which includes artistic styles such as grandeur, magnificence and broadness, and is manifested in "majestic" in language and "fierce and unrestrained" in emotion. Such as Guo Moruo's "Goddess" third series.
Example: Yin Fu's "Blood Word"
(2) "Feminine beauty" and "graceful and restrained" include artistic styles such as elegance, softness, elegance and freshness, which are simple and simple in language and subtle, dense and graceful in emotion.
For example, the star in the ice heart 13 1, the sea, Xu Zhimo's me is a small river, farewell to Cambridge.
(3) "Yin and Yang coexist, combining rigidity with softness"
Yao Nai's aesthetic style theory of "Yin and Yang are born together, combining rigidity with softness" especially emphasizes the beauty of China and the United States, and holds that rigidity without softness, or softness without rigidity, is not true artistic beauty. Found P 185 "red bean" P 140.
There are two styles of poems by the same poet, namely, the Tiangou P50 by Wen Yiduo and Guo Moruo and the Qing Dynasty's P 139.
In the same poem, there will be cases of combining rigidity with softness, such as it is hard to go by Li Bai, Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream, and Song of Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage by Du Fu and Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night.
Third, the theory of poetry appreciation.
1, artistic conception appreciation
Artistic conception refers to an artistic realm produced by the integration of the artist's aesthetic experience, taste, ideal and refined life images, which is the height of the unity of subject and object. Also known as "realm"
Wang Guowei's "Ci Hua on Earth" is a masterpiece of ancient and modern artistic conception theory, and he divides "realm" into three types:
(1) Virtual Reality: The Realm of Creation and Writing, I am a Tengu, and Sanxian.
(2) Things are me: "There is my site, but there is no my site."
(3) size: "big realm and small realm"
The level and depth of artistic conception depend on the degree of integration and unity of emotion and scene, subjectivity and objectivity (at the same time, the value of artistic conception is also reflected in the character of emotion and scene). Whether the emotion is noble or not and whether the scene is vivid and beautiful are all related to the nature and form of Job's tears. Mood and depressed image, light and shade are also related to the tone of artistic conception)
Wang Guowei: "When you get to the top, you confuse it with the environment, and then compete with the environment or the meaning."
2. Metric appreciation
Metric appreciation is to appreciate the musical beauty of poetry art from the perspective of rhyme, balance and meter. China's ancient poetry talks about poetry, which is about the harmonious and symmetrical rhythm of poetry, neat antithesis, smooth phonology and beautiful pearls.
Modern people's requirements for the beauty of poetry music vary with times, schools and writers.
Early Period: Hu Shi's "Natural Syllables"
Liu Bennong's Destroying Old Rhyme and Innovating Rhyme
Guo Moruo: Deny the external law and put forward the internal law, "the natural rise and fall of emotions"
Wen Yiduo: "Music Beauty" and "New Scale"
Dai Wangshu: "Remove the elements of music"
3. Language appreciation
Originally, literature is the art of language. In various literary genres, poetry is more attached to language. Difficulties in translating poetry
The characteristic of poetic language lies in its adherence to and departure from the general language norms. Only by following the norms can the works be guaranteed to be understood by readers; Only deviation can convey subtle poetic thoughts, be concise and concise, and dazzle the formal beauty of language.
Example: Compare Ai Qing's diving from the platform and from the 10m platform/intoxicated with the blue below.
(1) In the overall standardization of poetic language, it is necessary to standardize and grasp the poet's unique creation.
If choosing words, the meaning of words includes conceptual factors, image factors and meaning factors, so we should deeply understand the meaning factors of poetry vocabulary. Example: broken bridge, building, bright moon, dream
(2) When the poetic language deviates from the norm, we should be able to clarify the context of the poem and make an explanation.
For example, I might as well reveal the secret of the symbolic poem in Su Linxue's On Li Jinfa. Later, the symbolic poet said that "the principle of grammatical stubbornness' skipping syntax' is profound and mysterious, but it is only the application of ellipsis, so we can explain it in a concrete way."
(3) A good poetic language should be just right between deviation and obedience, neither too far away, no one can explain it, nor too strict and lacking in originality.
Step 4 Appreciate it skillfully
(1) metaphor "compare one thing with another". In daily speech, in scientific works and various applied styles, it is more to make the meaning clear and easy for the receiver to understand; In poetry creation, metaphor is to avoid being straightforward, be more subtle and euphemistic, and expand the space for readers to gallop their imagination.
Principle of "distance" and "heterogeneity": In order to expand the connotation of metaphor and broaden the imagination, vehicle and subject often belong to completely different experience fields.
For example, in Shi Shuo Xin Yu, Xie An and his junior are talking about the meaning of paper at home. When it snowed, they casually asked, "Why is there so much snow?" My nephew replied, "The air difference of salt spraying can be simulated." Niece Xie Daowen said: "If catkins were not due to the wind."
The drunken boat of the French symbolist poet Rambo "I dreamed of a green night with snowflakes shining, and the kiss slowly whirled in front of the sea."
Li Jinfa's "feeling" life is/
The lips of death/
Laugh.
(2) Xing, "Say something else first to make the words sing." One is that "other things" act with their images, producing atmosphere and emotional appeal, indicating the artistic conception of the whole poem and forming an integral part of the whole poem. The other is that the rising poem creates musical beauty with its rhyme, which is related to the words sung later.
For example, the star in the ice core 13 1.
(3) Symbol: express a special meaning with concrete things. Pale and abandoned wife
(4) Hint: I don't understand the meaning, but I use implicit language to make people understand.
For example, Ai Qing's I Love This Land.
If I were a bird,
I should also sing with a hoarse throat:
This land hit by the storm,
This river of sadness and anger will surge forever,
This restless and angry wind,
And the gentle dawn from the forest ...
And then I died,
Even feathers rot in the ground.
Why do I often cry?
Because I love this land deeply. ...
Blood characteristics
Big letters written in blood,
Lying on Nanjing Road,
This unforgettable day-
Polishing yearbook ...
Big letters written in blood,
Carved with thousands of shouts,
This unforgettable day-
Thousands of people are filled with anger. ...
Big letters written in blood,
Record the process of conflict,
This unforgettable day-
How many traitors are grinning ...
May 30th. Hey!
Stand up and walk on Nanjing Road!
Shoot the light of your blood to the end of the sky,
Project your strong posture to the mouth of Huangpu River,
Shake the universe with your Hong Zhong-like predictions!
Their paradise today,
One day their hell,
Today our blood is written in words,
Their tears can bathe in the future.
I was the beginning of a rebellion,
I am also the eldest son of history,
I'm Haiyan,
I am a thorn in the side of the times.
"Five" should be the wife of revenge,
"30" should be an iron fence that imprisons the enemy.
"Five" should be a sickle and a hammer,
"30" will become handcuffs and shell casings! ……
Four years of bloody retouching is enough.
The word blood should no longer shine,
Thousands of heart sounds are firm enough,
This day should be destroyed immediately!
I am a small river,
I didn't mean to bypass you-
You have no intention of turning your rosy clouds into shadows.
Into my soft waves.
I ran through a forest,
Soft waves are swinging.
Shade those green leaves
Cut your skirt short.