Brief introduction of Liu Yuxi
Liu Yuxi (772-842), born in Pengcheng and Luoyang in Tang Dynasty, was a writer and philosopher in Tang Dynasty. He claimed to be a descendant of the King of Hanzhong and a member of the King's Reform School. A famous poet in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, he is known as the "great poet". His family is a scholarly family handed down from generation to generation by Confucianism. Advocating political innovation is one of the core figures of the Wang school's political innovation activities. Later, Yongzhen failed in innovation and was demoted to Sima Langzhou (now Changde, Hunan). According to the textual research of Mr. Zhou, a historian and collector in Changde, Hunan Province, Liu Yuxi was demoted to Sima Langzhou, during which he wrote the famous "Han Shou Chun Wang".
all one's life
Liu Yuxi, the former guest of the prince, was called Liu Bin. And Liu Zongyuan are also called "Liu Liu". It is called "Bai Liu" with Bai Juyi. In the ninth year of Zhenyuan, he was promoted to the first place in imperial academy, entered the course of erudition and macro-speech, engaged in the Huainan shogunate, and served as the censor. Wang brought the used things into the forbidden area, discussed them with him, and said everything. Transfer it to Yuan Wailang and sentence him to a salt and iron case. Uncle Wen was defeated and demoted to the secretariat of Langzhou. During his relegation, he met Bai Juyi in Yangzhou. Bai Juyi wrote "Drunken Gifts to Twenty-eight Ambassadors of Liu", and Liu Yuxi thanked Bai Juyi for "rewarding the first meeting of Lotte Yangzhou" and later demoted Sima Langzhou. When you are down and out, you don't talk to yourself, but you spit and satirize the distance. Quite vulgar and good at witchcraft, according to the poet's intention to taste. Relying on his voice, he wrote more than ten poems on bamboo branches and sang them in Wuling Creek Cave. Live for ten years, call it back. I will buy Langbu, and I will ridicule the poems about flowers in Xuandu. I am not happy in power and will stab Bozhou back. On the basis of mother's old age, Pei Du changed to Lianzhou, Qiankui and Erzhou. After a long time, he was recruited as a doctor. He also revisited Du Xuan to watch poems and divided the company into the East Capital. Academic qualifications are still recommended for Langzhong and Ji Xian. Degree, out of Suzhou, moved to Youzhou, with two states, moved to the prince guest company. I am good at writing poems, especially in the late festival. Unfortunately, sitting on waste and suppressing non-cooperation are based on articles. With Bai Juyi, he got a lot of rewards, and Bai Juyi tasted his poem: Liu Pengcheng Mende, a great poet. Its front is looming, and its bravery is even smaller. He also said that his poems should be protected by sacred objects, which is highly valued by celebrities. In Huichang, we will check the history of the Ministry of Justice. At the age of 72, he was awarded the book of ministers. Eighteen volumes of poetry, now twelve volumes.
The Wuling Treasure written by Zhou, a historian and collector in Changde, Hunan Province, records that Liu Yuxi wrote the famous "Han Shou Chun Wang" when he was demoted to Sima in Langzhou. In memory of Liu Yuxi and Sima Langzhou, the Changde Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government of Hunan Province built a "Sima Lou" on the lakeside of Liu Ye.
There are many controversies about Liu Yuxi's ancestral home. Some people say that he is from Luoyang, some people say that he is from Pengcheng (now Xuzhou), and some people say that he is from Dingzhou and Zhongshan. According to relevant historical records, Liu Yuxi is a descendant of Xiongnu, and his seventh ancestor, Liu, was born in the Northern Wei Dynasty. He moved to Luoyang with Emperor Xiaowen of Wei and later changed his surname to Han. Father Liu Xu moved eastward to Jiaxing to avoid the Anshi Rebellion, and Liu Yuxi was born here, so Liu Yuxi was "born in Xingyang and occupied Luoyang". About saying that he is a "Pengcheng native", after investigation, he said that he was from Bai Juyi, Quan Deyu and others. That just followed the custom of "all names are salty" (history). Therefore, the statement that "Liu Yuxi is from Pengcheng" is inaccurate.
To say that Liu Yuxi is from Dingzhou, Zhongshan, Zhongshan Wuji, we have to start with his seventh ancestor Liu Liang. During the Zhou and Han Dynasties, Dingzhou and Wuji were the territory of Jizhou, and Wuji was also the territory of Dingzhou. Liu Liang was originally the secretariat of Jizhou, riding a regular servant, and later moved to Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and Liu Liang's family also moved to Luoyang. According to the Summary of the General Contents of Sikuquanshu, the collection is divided into categories: "The original name of the book Yuxi was Pengcheng people, Gai County View. In fact, the Wuji people in Zhongshan are also called Zhongshan Collection, which is also built by it. " In addition, the Qing Dynasty also published the Dictionary of Historical Figures in China and the Dictionary of Historical Celebrities in China. After repeated verification and consultation by relevant experts, it is confirmed that Liu Yuxi's ancestral home is Wuji, which is justified.
Poetic style
Liu Yuxi and his poetic style are quite unique. He is resolute and full of heroism. During his years in exile, he really felt heavy psychological pain and sang a lamentation for lonely ministers. But he never despaired, he has the soul of a fighter; He wrote poems such as Inviting Langzhou Peking Opera as a Gift to a Flower-Watching Gentleman in Yuanhe Decade, Revisiting the Guanjueju, Catching Your Tongue, Gathering Mosquitoes, Flying Kites, and On Hua Tuo, which repeatedly satirized and attacked political enemies, resulting in repeated political repression and blows, but such repression and blows aroused his stronger anger. He said, "I'm from Shandong, and I've felt a lot in my life" (Zhu Qiao Meets the Zen Master). This kind of "emotion" not only increases the charm of his poems, but also greatly enriches the depth and intensity of his poems.
Liu Yuxi's poems, whether short or long, are mostly concise and bright, with handsome style, filled with the wisdom of a philosopher and the sincere feelings of a poet, full of artistic tension and heroic momentum. Such as "the north wind mourns the old horse, and the autumn frost moves the birds." ..... because of the sense of decline, Ann can arouse the heart "(the second part of" Learning Ruan Gong's Three Poems ")," Ma Si changed grass and fists, carving Qingyun sleep. Poems such as "Heaven and earth can be swept away, helping the monarch to be healthy" ("Beginning to smell the autumn wind") are written with high spirits and intense style, which has a power to rise and fall and prosper the people. As for its seven-character quatrains, it is also unique from [1], such as: "Mo Tao slanders like waves, Mo Yan moves customers like sand." Although the effort is hard, it still needs a lot of sand to nugget. "("Nine Poems of Langtaosha ",the eighth)" Plum blossoms play the strong flute in Saibei, and Guishushan poems Huainan. Please don't play the previous songs, listen to the new version of Yang Liuzhi. "Poetically, these two works are concise and easy to understand, but through one layer, we will experience a spirit of contempt for suffering, independence, meeting and surpassing suffering, a rushing vitality, an optimistic spirit of abandoning the past and facing the future, and a firm and noble personality connotation. Another example is his famous "Autumn Ci": Since ancient times, autumn has been sad and lonely, and I say autumn is not as good as spring. There is no one in the clear sky in Wan Li, and a crane, Ling Yunfei, has aroused my meditation on the blue sky. The whole poem opposes the traditional view of mourning for autumn, praises autumn, gives autumn a power to guide life, and shows the poet's infinite yearning for the realm of freedom. The chest is extremely high and the bone strength is very strong.
Liu Yuxi lived in Jiaxing with his father in his early years and often went to Xing Wu to visit Jiao Ran and Che Ling, famous Zen monks and poets in the south of the Yangtze River. According to his "Collected Works of Che Masters", at that time, he "wrote inkstones and accompanied poems, all of which were called obedience". This early experience has a great influence on later poetry creation. So, what are the poetic ideas of Jiao Ran and Che Ling? Jiao Ran has a poetic style, paying special attention to two aspects. First, he advocated hard thinking and asked poets to return to nature after carefully honing their words. He believes that this nature is the ultimate of poetry; Secondly, it attaches great importance to the realm of profound meaning and lofty charm of poetry, and holds that "high context means high poetry, while biased context means easy poetry." And this "realm", that is, the artistic conception comes from the mood of the creative subject, and "true thinking is in the shadow, floating thinking is in the shadow" (Answering Yu Xiao Shu Winter Night), that is, the poet's subjective mood and aesthetic concept are the most important. Che Ling has no poetic theory handed down from ancient times, but according to Quan Deyu's Preface to Send Master Che Ling from Lushan to Wozhou, he "has no trace of words, so his words are easy to speak, and he can't think without leaving the natural environment ... knowing that his heart is quiet and quiet"; He also said that he often "brushed the square robe, took a canoe, looked back in the mirror, got a quiet sentence, and then went deep into the empty silence and washed it with sorrow." It can be seen that Che Ling also attaches importance to winning ethereal and profound artistic conception through silent observation of the subject, and language also pursues nature. On the one hand, these opinions are influenced by the poetic style of Dali and Zhenyuan, and pay attention to the tempering of words without revealing traces. On the other hand, they come from the Buddhist concept of attaching importance to "heart", that is, subjective experience and feeling. Liu Yuxi was deeply convinced of Buddhism, from which he got samadhi. Many years later, he also said that people who write poems should "understand everything in a few words, and sit down and admire all kinds of scenery" (Wuling Ji of Eastern History). The former sentence refers to the conciseness and implication of language, and the latter sentence refers to the observation and meditation of the subject. Therefore, on the one hand, he attaches importance to making the poetic language exquisite and natural through tempering and polishing, but he opposes the use of uncommon words and puts forward that "poetry with uncommon words should have a place." ...
Poems written by younger generations should be well-founded and should not be directed by others "("Liu Bin Jia Luhua ");
On the other hand, he attaches great importance to the subject's meditation and meditation. In Hong Ju, the Taoist master, sent poems back to Jiangling in autumn, he once said:
If you can leave your desire, you will be empty and you will enter the play; There must be a leak when entering, it is shaped by words. ..... Because of the situation, it is clear; Words are chosen by wisdom, so the essence is beautiful.
Determination is the reflection and wisdom to eliminate distractions, and it is the acquisition of inspiration. Poems written in this way can contain richer connotations and deeper artistic conception. Therefore, most of Liu Yuxi's poems are natural and fluent, concise and refreshing, and at the same time have an open and open sense of time and space. For example, his famous phrase "Fang Lin's new leaves urge the morning night, and the waves before the flowing water let the waves behind" ("Three gentlemen and one poet all have deep contributions"), "Qian Fan on the side of sinking boat, Wan Muchun before the sick tree" ("Enjoy Lotte as the first Yangzhou") are all his reflections on history and life. This kind of feeling appears in the poem in the form of image, which not only broadens the horizon, but also has an overtime span, showing the blending of history, reality and future here.
Liu Yuxi's epic is highly respected. With concise language and carefully selected images, these poems express his deep thoughts after reading all the vicissitudes of life, which contain deep feelings, such as missing the old days of Xipaotai Mountain, Wuyi Lane, Stone Town and the Temple of Shu Xianwang.
When Wang Jun's ships set out from Yizhou, the position of the prince of Wu disappeared. The long Zhang Qian chain sank to the bottom of the river, and a flag was lowered on the stone wall. How many sad past in life, the mountains still remain cold. Since then, the world has belonged to one another, and rushes are whistling in the old base. (Thinking of the old days in Xipaotai Mountain)
There are some weeds blooming by the Suzaku Bridge, and there is only sunset at the corner of Wuyi Lane. Swallows under the eaves of Wang Dao and Xie An have now flown into the homes of ordinary people. (Wuyi Lane)
The first is the poet's feeling of standing on Mount Cisse overlooking. In his mind, there is a sharp contrast between eternity and transience: Qian Fan's competitive development and the sinking of the river, whether fighting to control chaos or splitting and unifying, are only fleeting compared with the silent nature. The latter song is transformed into the historical change of ordinary people's homes through the old traces of Xie Wang, which shows the common sigh in people's hearts: all prosperity and nobility will be washed away by time.
Liu Yuxi's landscape poems have also changed the narrow and bleak styles of Dali and Zhenyuan poets, but they often write a kind of half-empty and half-solid open scene of beyond space's real distance, such as "the distant mountains under water are like snow, and the grass on the bridge is like smoke" ("The fable after drinking with cattle is cheerful"), "The weeds are full of flowers and the gossamer is dazzling. Another example is Wang Dongting:
The lake and the moon blend together,
There is no wind on the pool surface, and the mirror is not polished.
Looking at Dongting,
Green snail in a silver plate.
In this quiet and ethereal landscape, the poet's subjective feelings are integrated, which constitutes a quiet and peaceful atmosphere. However, although Liu Yuxi said that "if he can leave his desire, his heart will be empty", he actively participated in Yongzhen's innovation, in fact, he still had to realize his life ideal in society; His personality is also stubborn, so despite the influence of Buddhism, he is not as satisfied and decadent as Bai Juyi in the later period, but often shows a high-spirited spirit in his poems. For example, one of the two autumn poems: "
Since ancient times, I feel sad and lonely every autumn. I think autumn is more than spring.
There is no one in the clear sky in Wan Li, and a crane, Ling Yunfei, has aroused my meditation on the blue sky. "
"With Lotte Dengqi Lingsi Tower":
"It is not difficult to carry each other step by step, and the nine-story cloud leans against the railing.
Suddenly talking and laughing for a long time, unlimited tourists look up. "
There is a high-spirited power. Liu Yuxi's poetry is clear because of its implicit and deep connotation, open and generous realm and lofty and upward emotion. In addition, we should also mention some poems he wrote under the influence of folk songs. Jiao Ran, Che Ling and others lived in Wudi, where folk songs prevailed. In Zen's view, folk songs are straightforward, natural, lively and simple, which is the ultimate language, so they also learn the characteristics of folk songs to write poems, which undoubtedly has a certain influence on Liu Yuxi. Liu Yuxi has been demoted to the south for many times, and the south is also a popular place for folk songs, so Liu Yuxi often collects folk songs and learns his style to create poems, such as "Egret Son":
Egret, the tallest lattice.
Sweaters are not as good as snow,
All the birds are screaming and lonely.
Sleeping alone in Ainny,
A gurgling stone that has stood for a long time.
There are no clouds in Wan Li,
Fly into Yaobi.
Poetry is a metaphor for their feeling of loneliness, but it has a faint folk style. There are also some works that completely imitate folk songs, such as Zhi Zhu's Ci, Yang Liuzhi's Ci, Di Hangxing's Ci and Ta's Ci, which are simple and natural, fresh and lovely, and exude the rich flavor of life like folk songs. The following two songs are particularly vivid:
Wangjiang north and south smoke waves, pedestrians sing at night.
Peach leaves are lyrical and bamboo branches are resentful, and the water is infinite. ("Embankment Climbing" Part II)
The willows in Jiang Shuiping are green, and the songs on the shore can be heard.
Rain in the east, sunrise in the east, said it was not sunny, but it was still sunny. (One of Zhi Zhu's two songs)
Liu Yuxi's Poetry and Prose
Loushiming
Tang Dynasty: Liu Yuxi
The mountain is not high, and the fairy is famous. The water is not deep, and the dragon is the spirit. I am a humble room, but I am virtuous. The moss on the stage is green, and the curtain grass is green. There is no Ding Bai who laughs and has a university. You can tune the pipa and read Jin Dian. There is no confusion, and there is no complicated form. Zhuge Lu in Nanyang and Ting Yun Pavilion in West Shu. Kong Ziyun: What's wrong?
Autumn ci
Tang Dynasty: Liu Yuxi
Since ancient times, I feel sad and lonely every autumn. I think autumn is more than spring.
There is no one in the clear sky in Wan Li, and a crane, Ling Yunfei, has aroused my meditation on the blue sky.
Lotte in Yangzhou met for the first time.
Tang Dynasty: Liu Yuxi
The mountains were desolate and silent for twenty-three years.
People come back. Like people in Michelle, I can only play the flute, and I am disappointed.
On one side of the boat, Qian Fan races; At the head of the sick tree, every year is a spring shower.
Today, listen to you sing a song, drink a glass of wine and cheer up.