Topic 1: China's ancient thoughts
The theme of this unit: the evolution of the mainstream thoughts of China's traditional culture (the emergence and development of Confucianism)
The emergence of Confucianism in the Spring and Autumn Period; Mencius and Xunzi in the Warring States Period developed Confucianism in the Qin Dynasty;
"Dismissed a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone", Establishing the dominant position of Confucianism in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Confucian crisis in Tang and Song Dynasties
After the integration of the three religions, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, criticism of traditional Confucianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties
1. Confucius and Laozi
1. Life writings: Lu people in the Spring and Autumn Period, "three schools and one creation"; Poetry, Book, Rite, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn Annals and Music
2. Theory:
① Political theory: A, Benevolence (the benevolent loves others) B, Rite (self-denial and self-denial) C, and Morality in Administration
② Philosophy. "review the old and learn the new"; "Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous"; "Do one's duty as a teacher"
3. Historical position:
① Confucianism advocated by later generations has been carried forward and become the mainstream of traditional culture in China.
② It has an important influence in the world cultural history.
(3) Later generations compiled Confucius' words and deeds in The Analects of Confucius, and respected Confucius as a saint, which was admired throughout the world.
(2) Laozi:
1. Life writings: founder of Taoist school; The Tao Te Ching
2. Doctrine:
① Philosophical thoughts:
A. "Tao" is the origin of all things, "Heaven teaches Tao, and Tao teaches nature".
B, dialectical thought: things are contradictory and can be transformed into each other;
② Political theory: "Governing by doing nothing"
3. Historical position:
① He was the first philosopher in the history of China's philosophy to explore the origin of the universe; ② He had a far-reaching influence on China culture.
Second, a hundred schools of thought contend in the Warring States Period
(1) Historical background of a hundred schools of thought contend:
1. The development of productive forces and great social changes are the fundamental reasons for the emergence of a hundred schools of thought contend
2. The divided political situation and the era of social changes have caused unprecedented freedom of thought and speech
3. Private schools have risen, education has been relatively popular, and a large number of talents have been trained
4. Therefore, we should pay tribute to the virtuous corporal and recruit talents
(2) Confucianism: Mencius and Xunzi
1. Mencius
1. Mencius' thought
A. Benevolence theory, B. Good nature, C. Concept of justice and benefit: fostering the spirit of integrity; Righteousness before profit, giving up life for righteousness;
② Historical position: A Mencius became one of the four books. B He was called the "Asian Sage"
2. Xunzi
① Xunzi's thought:
A "Heaven has its regularity" and "Use it to control the destiny of heaven". B. On evil nature. C. Political thought: "Give priority to ceremony, The combination of etiquette and law
② The historical position of Xunzi's thought
A, it is regarded as a heresy of Confucianism; B, materialism has a far-reaching influence on China's philosophy
(3) Mohism
1. Mohism: the founder of mohists
2. Mohism's thought: ① Love; ② Non-aggression; ③ Shang Xian and Shang Tong are striving for strength, frugality and frugality < p. The historical position of Mohism thought
① Representing the interests of the lower working people, especially craftsmen
② The Warring States Period once became a prominent school, After that, it was ignored
(4) Taoism
1, Zhuangzi and Taoism
2, Zhuangzi's thought: "homogeneous things", "carefree" and "heaven and man are not equal" (the view of destiny)
(5) Legalists
1, Han Fei and Han Feizi
2.
(2) In later generations, Confucianism and Confucianism became the theoretical basis of China's ancient social ruling thought.
(6) Military strategists
1. Sun Tzu's Art of War
2. Sun Bin and Sun Bin's Art of War: Paying Attention to the Law of War
(7) The historical significance of the formation of a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend
1. Confucianism: the political ideal and moral standards in Chinese traditional culture
2. Taoism.
Third, the unification of thoughts in the Han Dynasty
(1) the study of Huang Lao in the early Han Dynasty
1. The social background: the economic failure, the need for a rest and recuperation policy
2. The main contents:
① Huangdi's theory: governing the body (preserving health) ② Laozi's theory: governing the country (doing nothing, doing nothing).
(2) to oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone
1. Reason: the need of the unified cause of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
2. The theoretical source of neo-Confucianism: taking "Gongyang Chunqiu" as the backbone, integrating the thoughts of Yin and Yang, Huang Lao and Legalism
3. The content of neo-Confucianism: the theory of the induction between man and nature; Divine authority; Great unification;
4. The influence of Neo-Confucianism:
It is beneficial to the monarchy and the consolidation of national unity; It also has the function of limiting the excessive expansion of your force.
5. The proposal and influence of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and worshipping Confucianism alone":
① It is conducive to consolidating centralization and cracking down on local separatist forces.
② Confucianism has been established as the mainstream in China traditional culture.
IV. Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties
(1) Social background of the rise of Neo-Confucianism:
1. Since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the widespread spread of Buddhism and Taoism has brought unprecedented impact on the dominance of Confucianism.
2. From the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang and Song Dynasties, the trend of "three religions in one" reached its peak, and various ideas infiltrated each other.
3. Confucianists absorb the thoughts of Buddhism and Taoism, and explore the new Confucian system of saving the world.
(2) Neo-Confucianism of Song and Ming Dynasties:
1. Neo-Confucianism of Cheng and Zhu (initiated by Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi; Master: Zhu Xi)
(1) Content:
① "Reason" is the origin of the world.
"reason" is Confucian morality and ethics in society, and human nature in human body.
② grasp the method of "reason" and "learn from things".
③ Preserving natural principles and extinguishing human desires
(2) Historical position:
① Song Dynasty was dismissed as "pseudo-learning".
② Established the dominant position in the ideological circle in the early Ming Dynasty
2. Lu Wang's theory of mind
(1) Content:
Lu Jiuyuan: ① Mind is reason; ② Seeking reason through "inventing the original mind"
Wang Yangming: ③ Conscience; ④ Unity of knowing and doing
(2) Historical position.
3. Evaluation of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties:
① Suppressing human nature, stifling natural desires in life
② Attaching importance to subjective willpower, advocating integrity and emphasizing social responsibility play a positive role in shaping the character of the Chinese nation.
ideological criticism during the May, Ming and Qing Dynasties
(1) Li Zhi, a heretical thinker
1. The background of Li Zhi's thought:
① The ideological circle in the late Ming Dynasty was conformist; ② Under the impact of commodity economy, people compete for profits;
(3) Scholars strongly pursue the requirements of individuality and economic development.
2. Main contents of Li Zhi's thought:
① Criticize Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius, expose the hypocrisy of criticizing Neo-Confucianism of Cheng and Zhu, and advocate the free development of personality.
② Everything originates from Yin and Yang, which fundamentally denies the existence of justice.
(2) Three great thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties
1. Representative figures: Gu Yanwu, Wang Fuzhi and Huang Zongxi
2. The three great thinkers' opinions are the same:
(1) Practical thinking: advocating pragmatic style of study and behavior; Revitalize industry and commerce; "Industry, commerce and people's livelihood are the foundation"
(2) Criticism of absolute monarchy: Criticizing absolute monarchy and putting forward theories and ideas to limit the monarchy
3. Evaluation of the thoughts of the three great thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties:
① It had a strong impact on absolute monarchy; (2) to the people of later generations with profound enlightenment.
③ It constitutes the torrent of China's early enlightenment thoughts, and has the historical progress of emancipating the mind.
Six ancient scientific and technological thoughts and practices in China
(1) Astronomy
① Warring States Period: The Shi's Catalogue in the Ganshi Star Classic was the earliest catalogue in the world
② Eastern Han Dynasty: Zhang Heng: Water transport horoscope; The theory of the earth circle is more than 1 years earlier; The seismograph was more than 17 years earlier
③ Tang: Monks and his entourage: Zodiac Tour Instrument; The world's first measurement of meridian length; Water transport elephant instrument.
④ Yuan: Guo Shoujing: Jianyi was 3 years earlier; The most accurate calendar in ancient China
(2) Mathematics:
① Spring and Autumn: 99 multiplication table; Weights and measures; Planning
② Western Han Dynasty: Pythagorean Theorem of Zhouyi Shujing is 5 years earlier
③ Eastern Han Dynasty: Nine Chapters of Arithmetic
④ Southern Dynasty: Zu Chongzhi's pi is the last seven places, As early as 1, years ago
(3) Four major agricultural books:
① Qi Min Yao Shu in the Northern and Southern Dynasties: the earliest and most complete agricultural book in existence
② Yuan: Wang Zhen's introduction tools of Agricultural Books were improved
③ Ming: Xu Guangqi's Complete Book of Agricultural Administration, a pioneer of modern science in China
Song Yingxing's Heavenly Creations.
② Eastern Han Dynasty: Zhang Zhongjing, a "medical sage", introduced the four diagnostic methods in Treatise on Febrile Diseases; Hua Tuo invented Mafeisan and founded the "Five-Animal Play"
③ Ming Dynasty: Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica established the world's most advanced classification
(5) Four great inventions:
1. Papermaking: plant fiber paper in the Western Han Dynasty; Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty
2. Printing:
① Tang Dynasty: the earliest block printing in the world
② Bi Sheng in the Northern Song Dynasty, movable type printing was introduced to Korea and Europe after the 13th century
3. Gunpowder:
① Tang Dynasty: gunpowder was invented, which was recorded in Sun Simiao's Dan Jing.
② Five Dynasties and Song Dynasty: widely used.
artillery, rockets, muskets, etc.
③ 14th century: introduced to Europe by * * * people
4. Compass:
① Warring States Period: Sina
② Northern Song Dynasty: artificial compass was used for navigation
③ 13th century: introduced to Europe
Topic 2: Ancient literature and art in China
. Calligraphy art
1 Origin and evolution of Chinese characters:
Shang Oracle Bone Inscriptions-Shang and Zhou bronze inscriptions-Western Zhou bronze inscriptions (big seal script)-Qin unified small seal script-Han official script-Three Kingdoms regular script (Zhong You)
2 Development of calligraphy art
1, Qin and Han small seal script and official script
2, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Ou Yangxun, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan use regular script; Calligraphy theory
4. In Song Dynasty, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang all had their own modes
5. In Ming Dynasty, they were civilian and secular, emphasizing individuality: Zhu Zhishan and Wen Zhiming
2. Painting art
1. Origin: Neolithic Age
2. Warring States Period: silk painting (2. Folk customs painting: Zhang Zeduan's The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival
6. Ming and Qing Dynasties: woodcut prints of Badashan people, New Year pictures, etc.
3. Literature
(1) Poetry
1. The Book of Songs: the earliest collection of poems in China
2. Songs of Chu: Qu Yuan's new-style poem Li Sao in the Warring States Period <
Guan Hanqing's
(4) Novels
1. Tang Dynasty: Legendary Biography of Liu Yi and Biography of Nanke Taishou
2. Song Dynasty: Story
3. Ming and Qing Dynasties: the development of commodity economy and the rise of the civil class;
representative works: four fantastic books, "San Yan Er Pai", "Dream of Red Mansions", "Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio" and "The Scholars"
(5) Opera
1. Primitive-Han and Tang Dynasties: Nuo Dance
2. Song Dynasties: Southern Opera
3.
China's modern history
Special topic-China's advanced thoughts in modern times
Unit theme: Western learning spread to the east (Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan's "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", Westernization School's early reform thoughts, Sun Yat-sen's "Three People's Principles" New Culture Movement, and the spread of democratic scientific thoughts and Marxism)
I. "Learning from foreigners to control foreigners" Aggravation of foreign capitalism on China and expansion of Sino-Western ties; Advanced China learned from the West in order to understand it, resist foreign aggression and learn from it.
2. Representative figures: Lin Zexu's Annals of the Four Seas and Wei Yuan's Annals of the Seas
3. Features: There is no specific practice, but it is enlightening.
,
Second, the idea of "learning from the middle school is the body and learning from the west is the use"
1. Background: In the 196s, western learning was introduced to China more widely; Internal and external troubles;
2. Representative figures: Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong
3. Purpose: "Learn from foreigners to strengthen themselves" and "seek wealth" (consolidate the rule of Qing Dynasty)
4. Debate: die-hards vs Westernization School
5. Practice: Westernization Movement
6.
3. Early Reform Thought
1. Background: In the 196s, foreign capitalist aggression deepened and national capitalism came into being;
2. Representative figures: Wang Tao and Zheng Guanying
3. Advocacy: At first, they held the idea of "adapting Chinese style to western use" and advocated reform after the Sino-French war.