Darkness?
Barbarians?
Goth?
Vampires?
still
Jiongnuo finally came back. It is said that the friends who follow the drama are crying now. What's your favorite?
From the demise of the Western Roman Empire to the European Renaissance in the15th century, the Middle Ages lasted for thousands of years in western history. At that time, Europe was in a mess, basically illiterate, and they would kill if they didn't agree.
Few kings and nobles can be read anywhere, let alone ordinary people. Where are the most educated people? They are all in the church. Why is this?
The Middle Ages belonged to God, and the church was the most powerful organization in the Middle Ages. The king must be crowned by the Pope before he can gain legal power. The mutual attack between religious power and imperial power has always been the theme. Sometimes the east wind overwhelms the west wind, and sometimes the west wind overwhelms the east wind.
But even if someone like Napoleon can grab the crown and put it on himself, he still needs pope pius vii to stand on the podium. Just when Sisi, the representative of imperial power, was strong, she was almost killed by the big sparrow, the representative of theocracy. She was not only forced to March naked, but also accompanied her only son for the rest of her life.
The arrow refers to Pope pope pius vii, who should have crowned Napoleon. It is understandable that a person's face looks like a dead person. As a result, the original person was despised and became a crowd of onlookers. It would be nice not to lift the table on the spot.
Therefore, the principle of medieval art is very simple and rude, that is, all forms should obey religious themes. Art is basically sponsored by the church, and the church is the biggest party.
First and foremost is the most important manuscript art in the Middle Ages, and all religious activities are inseparable from manuscripts.
Manuscripts, as the name implies, are naturally handwritten. Before the German Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type printing in the15th century, books were an absolute luxury for Europeans.
First of all, because the raw materials for making books are really expensive, they must be the skin of real lambs, and the higher ones are made of fetal sheepskin. The skin of big sheep is too thick, so it can only be made into shoes. It takes at least hundreds of sheepskins to make a Bible.
Apart from raw materials, what ivory and leather are used for the cover is a piece of cake. These manuscripts often cost nothing, and pure gold and pure silver are often used as painting pigments. In addition to form, what is more precious is content.
Pick up a chestnut and show it to your friend.
This is a cross. Is it necessary to be blind?
Cut a detailed picture.
It comes from the Gospel of Lindisfarne and was written around 700 AD.
Let's see another one.
This is the letter R written by13rd century Ruffilli Ude brothers.
These colorful, smooth, interwoven and dazzling patterns are almost cataracts when you look at them once. You can imagine how devout craftsmen were painting the kingdom of heaven in their hearts at that time to create such beautiful works of art.
In order to prevent theft, these precious books are locked on the shelves. This kind of library is called chain library, and this detail is faithfully displayed in the play.
Syracuse should be based on the library of St Gallen Abbey, a learning center in Europe. This monastery, built around the 7th century, has a collection of about 2,000 medieval manuscripts, which is really low-key and luxurious.
Therefore, fat Sam can only be a grandson in Xuecheng if he wants to upgrade, because there are so many books only here!
If the audience of the manuscript is the intellectual elite, then another medieval art that has to be mentioned-colored glass mosaic-is to publicize the teachings for more illiterate people. It doesn't matter if you can't read. You can read pictures. Image has played the same role of "enlightening and helping others" at home and abroad.
Stained glass windows, that's it.
This art form began as early as Rome. Simply put, it is made like this.
You're done!
Do you think it is easy for me to say it? In fact, everything in the world looks beautiful and hard to do.
Like manuscripts, craftsmen are fully willing to spare no effort to make stained glass and strive for perfection in every detail. Due to careful design and arrangement, the finished colored glass mosaic is natural.
God said, "Where there is light, there is light." Light has special significance in Christianity, and the pursuit of light is also one of the themes of western religious art.
When believers see the light passing through the flower window everywhere, as if it were the glory from heaven, creating a dreamlike, dark and sacred atmosphere, reverence and worship for God will arise spontaneously. Even non-believers will have a visual impact on this kind of light and shadow and be strongly shocked.
Due to technical limitations, the earliest mosaics were mainly composed of red and blue. Red represents the blood of Christ, and blue represents the kingdom of heaven.
There are two most common formats. When you travel to Europe, as long as you see such round flower windows, they are all called "rose windows", also called spoke windows.
There are many forms of slender windows, such as leaf windows and spire arches, which are the earliest two forms of Gothic stained glass windows.
Since the purpose of flower window creation is to spread doctrine, the theme can not be separated from the story of the birth, suffering and resurrection of Jesus, the Virgin Mary and various saints. Animals with religious meanings, such as pigeons representing the Holy Spirit, are the most common objects.
There is another way to record the owner of the money. Not only kings, nobles and local tyrants, but also businessmen and coolies at the bottom can contribute. In short, as long as they contribute, God is willing to pray for your atonement. This kind of window is called heraldic window. For example, it is roughly equivalent to the incense money donated by China people to temples to erect Buddha statues and golden trees. The temple will give you a name.
Ok, that's all for this article. Let's talk about it in the next issue.
Part, invasion and deletion