The road is rigid, full of tired prisoners, and passing cars are like running water.
Pink cries with the Uighur horse, for whom to turn back step by step?
In the same camp, wood Buddha is not as good as firewood, and the bell is full.
Geometricians were plundered by Lu, and the ship arrived in Bianjing muddy!
The bones are in a mess, and in a few years, mulberries have turned into dragon sand.
All I know is that the river is full of life, but there are a few broken houses!
Yuan Haowen (1 190— 1257) was born in Xiurong, Xinzhou (now Xinxian County, Shanxi Province). Yuanshi county County came from Tuoba's family in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and changed its surname to Yuan when Emperor Xiaowen was emperor. Jie Yuan, a famous poet in Tang Dynasty, is his distant ancestor. Yuan Haowen experienced the process of Jin Dynasty from prosperity to decline and then to extinction. Jin Xuanzong was a scholar for five years (122 1), and was later edited by the National History Museum. He served as the magistrate of Zhenping, Neixiang and Nanyang until he was in charge of Zuosi in Shangshu Province, and then transferred to Zuosi Yuanwailang in Shangshu Province. For a long time, I have not been reused, my talents have not been satisfied, and I have witnessed the increasingly corrupt politics, so I have been in the contradiction between being an official and retiring. 1234, after the Mongolian nobles invested in gold, he never came out of the mountain again. Yuan Haowen is not only good at poetry, but also writes essays, novels and academic works. After Jin's death, he also devoted himself to the writing of History of Jin Dynasty, and compiled Poems of Jin Dynasty-Zhongzhou Collection.
Yuan Haowen's poetic achievements are the highest, among which "mourning poems" are the most prominent. They truly reflect the historical facts before and after the demise of the Jin Dynasty, and express the feelings of worrying about the country and the people, with sincere feelings and simple and vigorous style.
This group of poems was written in Gui 42 (1233). In the first month of this year, Mongolian soldiers stormed Jindu Bianjing, broke the city in April, and sent the Golden Queen and the royal family to Helin (that is, the capital of the Mongolian khanate). More people were plundered and moved to the north. In May, Yuan Haowen, with his friend's youngest son, Bai Pu, went north to cross the Yellow River with captured officials and was detained in Liaocheng. This poem was written while crossing the Yellow River on the way to be escorted.
First, write the scene of Mongolian nobles capturing the rulers' empresses, ladies-in-waiting and royal families. "The road is stiff and full of tired prisoners. Cars used to be like water. " "Tired prisoners" refers to the imperial clan, officers and soldiers and the people of the Jin Dynasty. "Chariot" is a kind of vehicle covered with felt, which refers to the Mongolian vehicle carrying the treasure of the ruler. These two sentences describe the number of prisoners and their tragic fate. Because there were too many people and there was no place to live, everyone was lying on the side of the road, looking pale. The dusty road, car after car, like a river of cars, shows how much treasure has been robbed. "Pink cries with the Uighur horse, for whom to turn back step by step?" Pink refers to women. Uighur, here refers to the Mongolian soldiers. Among the prisoners, ladies-in-waiting and cloth clothes were even more horrible, mentally and physically tortured, walking behind Mongolian military forces and horses, crying and dying step by step. Who are they looking back at? For my lover, this is gone forever. Taking a step forward means that the farther away from him, the more persistent love they have. There is also nostalgia for Bianjing, unwilling to leave the land where he was born. The poet said that after this looting, there was nothing in Bianjing area. This stagnation makes readers worry about national subjugation when they see the scenery.
The second is about the looting of Bianjing treasure by Mongolian nobles. "With the camp, the wooden Buddha is not as good as firewood, and the bells are full." In the Central Plains, Buddhism is advocated. As a symbol of piety, precious wood such as sandalwood and agarwood are often carved into Buddha statues, and some of them have become valuable handicrafts. Mongolian aristocrats only believed in Lamaism, so they took the wooden Buddha as their own, sold it all the way or warmed it at night, making the price of these artworks even lower than firewood. "Da Yue chime" is a famous musical instrument and a precious cultural relic. According to Jin History, Mongolian nobles entered Bianjing and searched a large number of gold musical instruments. The poet witnessed the collapse of these precious cultural relics and randomly arranged them on the streets with little protection. The poet sighed sadly: "The king of geometry does not ask about being plundered", but the number is too numerous to count. "The ship came to Bianjing in a daze" and "Hun" all mean this. I saw Yuan Bing's big ships on the water one after another, as if the whole Bianjing City had been loaded. After the country was broken, all the good things were destroyed.
Third, write the desolate scene after the invasion of Yuan soldiers. "The white bones are like chaos. After a few years, the mulberry has become a dragon sand." Mongolian aristocrats were extremely brutal and carried out a cruel policy of ethnic slaughter. After the war, the land of the Central Plains was in a mess. A bleak picture of "going out without seeing, bones cover the plain". Mulberry, the ancients often planted mulberries and catalpa bungeana trees next to their houses, which people used to call their hometown. "Longsha" means desert, which generally refers to desolate areas. Mongolia does have "a few years" to destroy gold. From 12 1 1 to 12 14, Genghis Khan sent troops to attack gold continuously, and Jin, Tokyo and Liaoyang successively fell. Soon, Wan Yan Yongji was forced to give up Zhongdu (now Beijing) and move to Bianjing. At that time, "when there were 100,000 people in the whole city, the enemy soldiers left the country in March, and the wind blew blood under the city" ("Xiu Cheng Ji"), the poet's hometown Xinzhou fell and his father Yuan was killed; Then the Mongolian soldiers went deep into Henan and retreated. In the first year of Jin Aizong (1232), Mongolian nobles surrounded Bianjing. Aizong fled to Cai Zhou. The following year, Yuan soldiers captured Bianjing, burned and looted, and committed all kinds of crimes. Six months later, Aizong hanged himself and Kim died. "A few years" of bloody battles, the population in the north has been greatly reduced, agriculture has withered, "mulberries have turned into dragon sand", "only rivers and lakes are exhausted, but there are a few broken houses!" It has become a tragic situation of "there is no crow in a thousand miles." The country no longer exists, why should we be the master?
This group of poems not only mourned the Jin dynasty, but also poured out the deep feelings of the people, so they have ideological value. Before and after the fall of Bianjing, Yuan Haowen was a witness. His country was destroyed, his people were poisoned, and he was a member of the conquered nation. Therefore, this group of poems is about deep sorrow, blood and tears, with grief and indignation. From the artistic point of view, the image is profound and the style is vigorous, without the habits of Jianghu poets in the late Southern Song Dynasty and the mistakes of Jiangxi Poetry School. No allusions, no duality, and emphasis on factual records. "It is refined with meticulous thinking and sharp brushwork, so it is more sincere than Su and Lu." In the "ancient poems" of Su Shi and Lu You, there are many couplets with ink between the lines ... mountains and rivers are dedicated to one line, without even sentences; The idea is vague, and the more profound it is, the more delicious it is, although it is not as good as Su and Lu. ..... heavy and sad, self-contained tone. (Zhao Yi's "Ou Bei Shi Hua" Volume 8) The biography of Jin History also said: "The wonder of engraving is also a coincidence of Xie Zhi. "These have a positive impact on later poets.