Metaphor is a rhetorical device that compares one thing with another that is essentially different. Used in poetry, also called Bixing. This technique is often used in poetry to achieve the artistic effect of vivid image and turning reality into emptiness. For example:
Lanxi bangge
Dai Shulun
Liu Wanmei hangs on the cool moon, and the Zhongshan mirror looks more.
Peach blossoms rained in Lanxi for three days, and carp came to the beach at midnight.
Analysis: "Eyebrow-like" means the moon with eyebrows, which depicts the shape of the March moon and embodies its beauty. "Mirror" is the water of Lanxi with a mirror, which describes the clarity and quietness of Lanxi water. It also reflects the brightness of moonlight.
Another example is:
Look at the mountains on the river
Su Shi
On the boat, watching the mountains go like horses, a hundred regiments pass by.
The front mountain is suddenly abnormal, and the back mountain is like a frightened bird.
Looking up, the path is oblique and there are pedestrians on the street.
Raise your hand and talk on the boat and sail south like a bird.
Analysis: This poem takes the mountains on both sides of the river as horses and ships as reference objects, making the static scenery of the mountains vivid and vivid. "Flying bird" refers to "solitary sail", which describes the speed of the ship.
2. argot (homophonic) and pun
Argot is a skill of hiding oneself and insinuating with other words. Pun, in a certain language environment, deliberately makes a sentence have double meanings by using the conditions of polysemy and homonymy. This rhetorical device is called pun. Puns can make language express implicit humor, deepen meaning and leave a deep impression on people. In some poems, especially folk songs, the author often uses it to express a euphemistic and implicit emotion.
Chunsi
Lipper
The grass in your north is as blue as jade, and the mulberries here are bent into green branches.
Finally, you thought of going home, and now my heart is breaking.
Spring breeze, since I dare not know you, why should I separate the silk curtain beside my bed? ?
Analysis: This is a famous sentence describing the love between men and women, which is a monologue of Qin's thinking about women. The poet made a pun, expressing the love between men and women with natural spring; It also uses the homonym of "silk" (thinking) and "branch" (knowing) to connect the feelings of missing between men and women in different places.
Four ancient folk songs with seven-character poems on love or local themes
Liu Yuxi
The willows in Jiang Shuiping are green, and I can hear the songs on the Langjiang River.
Sunrise in the east and rain in the west, the road is sunny but sunny.
Analysis: "Qing" and "Qing" are homonyms, which are puns and argots. This is a love song written by the author in folk songs, in which puns and argots are often used. Judging from the first two poems, it is likely that a woman was sailing on the bank of a willow, and she heard a young man singing his confession on the shore, but the implication of the confession gave her the impression that Tao was heartless but affectionate.
Climbing Yueyang Tower
Du Fu
I have heard of Dongting Lake for a long time, and now I have finally climbed to this tower.
There is the Kingdom of Wu in the east and the State of Chu in the south, and you can see the endless drifting of heaven and earth.
But my relatives and friends didn't give me any news. An old man was ill and was on a lonely boat.
There are wars and mountains to the north of this wall, and how can I not cry by this railing? .
Analysis: "There is Wu in the east and Chu in the south, and you can see the endless drifting of heaven and earth", although it is cheerful and magnificent, which describes the majestic atmosphere of Dongting Lake, but it is only a representation. It also includes the author's situation at that time (Du Fu was 58 years old, sick and poor because of the mutiny) and the country's situation-ups and downs.
3. Metonymy: Borrowing related things to replace the things to be expressed. Metonymy can be used to represent the whole, concrete instead of abstraction, and characters instead of features. The use of metonymy makes the language concise and implicit.
For example, "Do you know, do you know? It should be green and fat and red and thin (Li Qingzhao's dream). In the poem, leaves and flowers are replaced by "green" and "red" respectively to describe lush leaves and withered flowers.
4. Exaggeration: deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the description of things to express the poet's unusual feelings. It has the function of expressing things more prominently and vividly. In romantic poetry, exaggeration can be seen everywhere.
5. Duality: Use a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words to express two relative or similar meanings. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit.
For example: "Leaves fall like the waves of a waterfall, but I think the long river always rolls forward" (Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain is composed of four parts and eight sentences, each of which is opposite, round and natural, without traces of axe chisel. "Boundless falling wood" makes the artistic conception of the poem broad and far-reaching, and the rustling leaves make people feel that the water is rolling.
Such as "white hair and three thousands of feet, sorrow is as long as long" (Li Bai's Song of Autumn Pu). The poet's exaggerated writing of white hair is as long as three thousands of feet, which shows the depth of anxiety.