Li Bai visited Dangtu and visited the quarry many times in his life. There are dozens of poems written by Dangtu, but only "Night Sleeping in Niuzhu" and "Six Poems on Hengjiang" are written about quarrying. In addition, in this edition of Li Jizhong's Nineteen Ancient Poems, there is also a poem "Niuzhuji". But this book "Ode to the Ancient Books", from Su Shi to Lu You, is considered as a fake. According to Wang Anguo, it was written by Li Chi. "Li Chi Ji" is now hidden in the secret pavilion, and there are ten poems in the collection. Today, the 472nd volume of Complete Tang Poetry is considered to be a poem by Li Chi, with the title: "A poem by Li Bai." Li Chi, who was included in all Tang poems, was also a prodigal son. Taste: "I am good at singing poetry. Poetry is Li Bai, so it is called Li Chi. " He also said that he had been to Xuanzhou, was crazy and died of a toilet ghost. We can see that Li Chi is a real person. Only "Li Chi Ji" does not exist today and cannot be verified, so these ten poems can only be in doubt. There is no doubt that "Night Sleeping in Niuzhu" and "Six Poems of Hengjiang" are Li Bai's works. However, the writing age of the two men is still inconclusive. Jane. The year of Li Bai's poetry and prose is the 26th year of Kaiyuan (738), and Niuzhushan sleeps at night thinking about old things. I think it was done on the way to Baling; Written in the 14th year of Kaiyuan (726), it is suspected that the poem "White waves are higher than the crock pavilion" is the same as the poem "Deng Crock Pavilion". In recent years, many articles have put forward different opinions, and some selected versions of Li Bai's poems are inconsistent with the years of these poems. It seems necessary to further research.
Looking at the Chronology of "Old Times" from "Night Sleeping under Niuzhu Mountain"? Some people think that this poem is an ancient poem with a calm face. More and more people think that there is no dual rhyme, but that it is "right or wrong", that is to say, rhyme mainly depends on whether it conforms to the law of leveling, and duality is not important. Kaiyuan
Over the years, Meng Haoran's poems such as "Send Three Back to Yangzhou" and "Looking at Xiao Wang in the Boat" all belong to this category. In fact, judging from the weather of the poem, this poem is also different from the general metrical poem. Especially the last two sentences, "Tomorrow I will raise my sail and leave leaves behind me", have a mixed atmosphere of ancient poetry. Wang Shizhen praised this poem in "Poems in Classroom" and said: "The hue is empty, like an antelope hanging on a horn, and there is no trace to be found. The painter called Yipin. " This kind of meteorological poem was written by many poets during the Kaiyuan period. The predecessors thought that Meng Haoran's Xunyang Night Looking at Lushan Mountain, like Li Bai's poems, can be described as "romantic without words", which means using the style of classical poetry to write rhythmic poems. This statement makes sense. The predecessors have said a lot about this, and I don't want to repeat it.
It is worth noting that the poem is inscribed with the original note: "This is the place to thank and recite history." The title is Homesickness, and Niu Zhu can miss many things in the past. Wenqiao burned a rhinoceros here and watched the monsters under the Shihu Lake, which is the most famous thing. This allusion is used in the poem Niuzhuji in Ode to Ancient Shu Poetry. However, the object of nostalgia in Niuzhu Sleeping at Night is not Wen Qiao, but the general Xie Lao. Li Bai compared himself to Justin: "I have poems; I can read, and he hears from others, but it's not mine. " According to "Shi Shuo Xin Yu Literature", "Yuan Hu (according to: Yuan Hongxiao) was born in a poor family and tried his best to carry the rent as a servant. The west (Shang) is sailing, and the night wind is clear and the moon is bright. There are poems on the passenger ship from Wenjiang to Zhuji, which are very affectionate. I have recited five words, but I have never heard of them, sighing that they are beautiful. In other words, it is Yuan Ziyong's "Ode to History", so it is important and rewarding. " According to "Continued Jinyang Autumn", it is recorded: "The tiger has few talents, and the article is beautiful. Because of its various customs, it was once known as "an ode to history".
Without loneliness and poverty, transportation and rent are regarded as business. Xie Shangshi Town in the west of the town, Niuzhu, taking advantage of the crisp autumn and beautiful moon, takes you across the river incognito. Hu Hui's satire in "Chartering" has a clear voice and flowery words. I heard it before, so I stopped listening and sent it to question. A:' It's Yuan Lin Rulang who recites poetry. That is, his work "Ode to History" is also. Shang Jia led the army successfully, so he sent him to see Shen Dan and talked about it. Since then, his reputation has grown bigger and bigger. Biography of Jin and Yuan recorded a similar story, saying: Later, Justin, as a shogunate general, was led by Xie Shang to join the army and moved to the archives of Huan Wen Prefecture. Wen attaches great importance to writing and specializes in synthesizing secretaries. Thus, Xie Shang's appreciation of Justin mainly lies in his poems. Later, all the staff members were praised for their articles. Li Bai compares himself with Justin in this poem, which obviously means that he has literary talent, but he has not been appreciated by intimate friends like Justin. ?
In the first year of Tianbao (AD 742), Li Bai's poems were deeply rooted in people's hearts. He himself said in the "Self-recommendation Form for Song Zhongcheng" that at the beginning of Tianbao, "the five houses became king" and "the capital was famous", Xuanzong wrote a letter inviting him to visit the Hanlin in Beijing. In other words, after the first year of Tianbao, Li Bai can no longer lament that his poems are not appreciated by his friends. In fact, Li Bai's poems have spread all over the world since He Zhangzhi praised his poems for touching the world and making the gods cry. There has never been a word in his poems that no one appreciates his literary talent. Therefore, we can be sure that the poem "Night Sleeping in Niuzhu" was written in the Kaiyuan period, when the name of the poem had not yet appeared. Now we will examine how many times Li Bai has been to Quarrying during the Kaiyuan period.
In the 12th year of Kaiyuan (AD 724), he went out to Shu, and the following year he visited Dongting in summer, that is, he went to Jinling in the east, and once visited Quarrying. But when Li Baichu went out to Shu, he didn't think about not knowing what he had enjoyed. What's more, it is downstream, and there is the poem "I will sail tomorrow". Song Ben, Miao Ben, Xiao Ben and Wang Ben all wrote: "Let's go to Dongting." It can be seen that this poem was never written in the East, but in the upper reaches. I went to Quarry Collection for the second time, and after going to the sea in the east, I returned to Zhou Xi in the autumn of the 14th year (AD 726) or 15th year (AD 727) of Kaiyuan.
Dongting, watching clouds and dreams. After that, he settled in Anlu and first entered Chang 'an in the 18th year of Kaiyuan (AD 730) or 19th year (AD 73 1 year).
. . . After the 21st year of Kaiyuan (AD 733), he lived in seclusion in Songshan, visited Han Chaozong in Xiangyang, visited Luoyang and Taiyuan, and then went to Culai Mountain in Shandong. It seems that he has never been to Dangtu for quarrying. In May of the first year of Tianbao, I visited Mount Tai before going down to Jiangnan. On the way to Nanling, I may have been quarrying, but this time I didn't go to Dongting in the west, but lived in seclusion in Nanling Mountain. When Xuanzong wooed an, Li Bai had a poem entitled "Nanling children go to Beijing" as evidence. Therefore, Li Bai only went back to Dongting once in the 14th or 15th year of Kaiyuan. This time, in the process of entering the East China Sea, Li Bai went to Suzhou and Huiji, and then returned to Yangzhou. At that time, his gold had been exhausted, poor and sick, and his career was slim. He has never met a bosom friend. There is a poem called "Huainan Book, Sick to Shu": "Wu is a floating cloud, floating like a passer-by. If you don't follow your career, you will be forced to rush. " Explain that I had traveled to Wu (Suzhou) and Huiji (Huiji) at that time, and thought that I had no achievements. The poem also laments that "the guqin hides an empty box and the long sword hangs on an empty wall", and there is no chance to display his talents. Coupled with the fact that "the decline of disease is a cotton drama", the thought is very depressed. At that time, there was no bosom friend, so I could only miss my hometown and my old friend, so I wrote a poem for Zhao Kun, a teacher friend in Sichuan. About this time, I set out for Dongting and stayed in Niuzhu for one night. Naturally, I thought that I met Xie Shang, who was poor in those years, and became famous all over the world. At this time, I didn't see my bosom friend here, so I wrote this poem "In vain, I thanked the old general", followed by "Going to Dongting in the Ming Dynasty, the leaves will return to the roots" to show that my future is bleak and my mood is bleak, which is in sharp contrast with my lofty aspirations from now on. Justin was appreciated by Xie Shang when he was young. When Li Bai wrote this poem, he was just in his mid-twenties, and the allusions were also very appropriate. ?
The poem "Going to Dongting tomorrow" shows that the direction of going is very clear. Li Bai said in the History Book of Peichang in Shang 'an County: "I went to the countryside with my sword, but I left my relatives to travel far away. I am poor in the south and involved in the sea in the east. " Seeing that villagers like to brag about clouds and dreams, Chu Yun has seven zees, so I'll take a look. "We can know that after going east to the sea, we will return to the ship and go to the west to watch the clouds and dreams. Yunmeng is not far from Dongting Lake, which can be said to be "going to Dongting". Besides, when Li Bai visited Dongting for the first time after leaving Shu, his friend Wu Guide died. At that time, "the son of heaven was buried by the lake, which was Jinling". This time, "Going to Dongting" is also to rebury Wu Guide. " "History of Pei Chang in Shang 'an Prefecture" added: "For several years, the muscles are still there. Snow White sobbed and held the blade, bent down to wash and cut it, walked wrapped in bones, followed the trend, slept and held it, and never stopped, so she was buried in the east of Sun Yicheng. The hometown is far away, the soul has no owner, and the ceremony is to be moved and show friendship. This is also a white deposit and a heavy righteousness. "It can be inferred that one of the purposes of this poem is to' go to Dongting', move the bones of Wu Guide and' show friendship'. ?
The poems written by Li Bai after Tianbao came into being, or even after his first visit to Chang 'an in the Kaiyuan period, all expressed his own misfortune, which was often associated with the state affairs, and was different from the poems written before he first entered Chang 'an, which can also prove that this poem was written before he first entered Chang 'an. ?
Generally speaking, the poem "Night Sleeping in Niuzhu" was written from Yangzhou to Dongting, Jiangxi in the 14th and 5th years of Kaiyuan (AD 729 and 727).
A sentimental work when passing the Quarry Collection. ? Textual research on Six Poems of Hengjiang and Six Poems of Hengjiang shows that 90% of the poems of Xinle Yuefu are included. In addition, Yuefu poems and new Yuefu poems also include Li Bai's Journey to Jiangxia, Thoughts on a Quiet Night, Huangge Pian, Saiga Qu, Six Saiga Qu and Laughing Song. So some people think that Li Bai was the first person to write new Yuefu. In fact, Li Bai's new Yuefu poems are completely different from those of Du Fu and Bai Juyi. Bai Juyi and others' new Yuefu poems are straightforward to Chen Qi in expression, which directly shows that.
The poet's strong subjective feelings; Clearly express the poet's expression intention in the poem, that is, the so-called "the first chapter marks its purpose, and the pawn chapter shows its will." However, the characteristics of Li Bai's new Yuefu poems are the same as those of the old Yuefu poems such as Shu Dao Nan: the feelings are as objective as possible, and the expression intention is not clearly expressed in the poems. Therefore, readers will have different understandings of whether there are metaphors in these poems. The third volume of Hu Zhenting's "Tang Yin Gui Qian" once said: The old Yuefu poems are "wonderful and solvable". In other words, the same Yuefu poem, some people think that there is sustenance, others think that there is no sustenance, which makes sense. Six poems of Hengjiang Ci also belong to this kind of poem.
The predecessors thought that this group of poems was written by Li Bai when he was traveling in the south of the Yangtze River at the age of 26, and it was a landscape poem describing the dangers of the Yangtze River, without other meaning. And take the word "lang" in the poem as the foundation of youth. In recent years, many scholars believe that the words in poetry are the common names of men in the Tang Dynasty, not necessarily referring to youth. It is considered that the waves of the Yangtze River written in this group of poems are symbolic, that is, there is sustenance in the poems. As for symbols? When was it written? Everyone has a different opinion. Comrade Li believes that this group of poems was written by Li Bai on his way back to Beijing from Nanling in the autumn of the first year of Tianbao. "It shows that Li Bai's trust in Xuanzong is urgent."
In the Western Qin Dynasty, he worked for Xuanzong and made great achievements. However, the white river, like a mountain, blocked the road to the western Qin dynasty, which was beyond my reach and the most urgent. The poet wrote his longing to cross the river to 120,000 points (two questions about Hengjiang Ci, and then talk about the writing age of Hengjiang Ci, Zhengzhou University). Comrade He Qingshan believes that this group of poems was written in Tianbao 14th autumn on the eve of the Anshi Rebellion, and the Hengjiang turmoil in the poems symbolizes "the dark and decadent political situation" and "the precarious national destiny", which implies "the critical moment when chaos will start and disaster will start" (on Hengjiang Ci)
Mr. An Qi believes that this group of poems was written by Li Bai Tianbao when he passed through Hengjiangpu on his way back to Xuancheng from Youzhou in the twelfth year. It is believed that the Hengjiang storm symbolizes that An Lushan is about to rebel, which implies the poet's anxiety about the critical situation in the Tang Dynasty. Mr. An also analyzed the meaning of poems one by one (A New Exploration of Li Bai's Poems on Hengjiang River, Literary Essays of Tang DynastyNo. 1982,No. 1 period). It seems difficult to reach a consensus on the meaning and writing age of this group of poems. ?
In my opinion, the dangers of the storm in the Yangtze River described in this group of poems can be considered as the storm scene in Historical Records at that time, which means that the symbolic significance is not obvious. Of course, it does not rule out that the poet's mood at that time was contained in the objective scene, that is, there may be social scene projection in the poem. But what social scene this poem contains, when and where it was written, remains to be further explored. ? The first is the place to write. Wang Qi quoted Taiping Universe as saying: "Hengjiangpu is 26 miles southeast of Liyang County, Hezhou." Therefore, many people used to think that this group of poems was written in Hengjiangpu, Liyang (now Hexian County, Anhui Province). It is good to have Hengjiangpu in Liyang, but the "Hengjiang" in Li Bai's poems does not refer to Hengjiangpu in Liyang, but refers to a section of the Yangtze River between Hengjiangpu and Caishiji on the other side. The poet's foothold is not in Hengjiangpu in Liyang, but in Caishiji on the east coast. This point is clearly written in the poem. The first song says: "White waves are higher than the crock pavilion". The crock pavilion is located in Jiangning County, Jiangdong (now Nanjing), where Li Bai often travels. The second song said, "Niuzhu comes from a dangerous horse", which means Caishiji, located in dangtu county, Jiangdong (now Maanshan City); Madang is also in the northeast of pengze county (now Jiangxi Province) in the south of the Yangtze River. It is said that the wind and waves of Niuzhu are more dangerous than horses, so it can be seen that Niuzhu is the foothold. The fourth song says that "the waves hit the stone wall of Tianmen", and only when you stand at the head of the stone-picking rock and look upstream can you see this scene. According to the Records of Taiping Prefecture, standing at the head of Caishiji, from a distance, the East and West Liangshan Mountains (namely Tianmen Mountain) are like two separate moths, so there is another moth in Caishiji-Meiting. The fifth "Hengjiang Pavilion", "Tianjin officials greeted it in front of Hengjiang Pavilion", still has buildings in Quarrying. According to Taiping Fu Zhi, "Quarry Post is located in Quarry Town, by the river, and it is also the Hengjiang Pavilion in Tang Dynasty." Tianjin officials, that is, officials of Caishiji Ferry. "New Tang Book Guan Bai Zhi Si": "Shang Jin set up a captain to take charge of the ship beam; ..... Xia Jin, a captain, ... Yong Huizhong, abolished Tianjin captain, and placed Tianjin Eight Officials in Shangguan. " It can be seen that the poem "Tianjin officials meet in front of Hengjiang Pavilion" is a true description of the incident at that time, that is, officials greeted Li Bai at Caishiji Ferry. All these are enough to show that the poet was really picking stones at that time and wanted to cross the river to Liyang, instead of crossing the river to Jiangnan in Hengjiangpu, Liyang. ?
Secondly, the symbolic meaning of poetry. I think it is inappropriate to compare Fu sentence by sentence, but it seems that we should understand it from the general atmosphere of poetry. The attempt to describe the turbulent and sinister Hengjiang storm in the poem may indeed symbolize the sinister social situation at that time. On the one hand, it is said that "one river leads to sorrow for Wan Li", on the other hand, it is said that "crossing the west hinders the western Qin Dynasty", and on the fourth hand, it is said that "the moon is dizzy and the wind and fog can't open, and the sea is quiet in the east, which may indeed symbolize the poet's political crisis for the court, so we can't worry about his efforts. ? So, let's consider the writing age of this group of poems. As mentioned earlier, Li Baidong traveled in Kaiyuan and then returned to Dongting, Jiangxi. Both of them had quarried stones, but there was no trace of crossing the river to the north at that time. Tianbao traveled to Mount Tai first, then went south, lived in seclusion in Nanling, and then brought a letter to Beijing. There was a poem "Nanling children go to Beijing", and there was no trace of crossing the river when quarrying. About six years after Tianbao, Li Bai rowed from Jinling to Tianmen Mountain, and of course he would go quarrying. However, most of the poems written in this period expressed his free feelings, which were not consistent with the feelings expressed in Hengjiang Ci. In the 12th year of Tianbao, after exploring the tiger's den in Youzhou, Li Bai went south to Xuancheng from Liangyuan, as evidenced by the poem "Meet from Liangyuan to Jingting Mountain, talk about the landscape of Lingyang, so walk with courtesy". During this period, he felt that the country was in danger and he could not contribute to the country, so he felt anxious. " Qiu Deng Xuancheng Xie? Poems such as Qian Lou's "Farewell to School Book Shu Yun" are a portrayal of the mood at that time. This group of poems was probably written during this period. I think Mr. Angie's basic morality can be established. But as far as the destination is concerned, this time it is not crossing the river from Liyang to quarrying, but crossing the river from quarrying to Liyang. Maybe he was invited to travel to Yang at that time, but he was caught in a storm, so he wrote this group of poems. On the one hand, it is a true description of the storm scene in the Yangtze River at that time, on the other hand, it symbolizes the political situation and one's anxiety at that time. After the Anshi Rebellion, Li Bai was obedient to Emperor Yongli. He was imprisoned in Xunyang, exiled Yelang, and came to Dangtu in his later years before he died. Of course, it is also possible to cross the river to Liyang, but at that time, his mood has tended to be dull, and it seems that there is no feeling of "crossing Jiangxi to hinder the Western Qin". At the same time, at that time, the Anshi Rebellion was coming to an end, and the crisis in the Tang Dynasty was over, so it was impossible to express anxiety about state affairs in poetry. So I think it is more realistic to say that this group of poems was written in the twelfth year of Tianbao, and I want to cross the river from quarrying to Liyang. In a word, Li Bai's Thoughts on Sleeping at Night in Niuzhu, which is existing in Quarrying, should be regarded as an early work, and it is a nostalgic poem when he crossed the sea and returned to West Dongting Lake in the 14th and 5th years of Kaiyuan. "Six Poems on the Hengjiang River" may be a later work, which tells a feeling when Li Bai wanted to cross the river from quarrying to Liyang at the age of 53. Both of them are excellent structures written in Historical Records. ?
Source: "? Journal of Nanjing Normal University, 1988, 1? 》