Romanticism in China's Literature

For example, Li Bai was a great romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty. His poems swallowed up the universe, revealed the stars and carried the earth, reaching the peak of romanticism in the history of the development of my classical poetry. Zong Baihua said that Li Bai's poems are high, deep and big, covering the greatness of Gan Kun, the depth of conformity and the height of being unique, all of which are rooted in an active, dynamic and rhythmic mind, which is the romantic thought. [1] p 165 Li Bai's unique prose style makes his poems unique and unique, which is hard to disrespect. Grasping the extraordinary cultural connotation of Li Bai, we can grasp the key of Li Bai's thought, and we can open this mysterious door and trace back to the source. First, the mapping of the spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty: the hidden life of prosperity and worry, the confusion of hope and disappointment-Li Bai, the great gentleman of the new era, was at the peak of feudal society, with economic prosperity, splendid culture and familiar political system, which was a good opportunity for exploration and innovation. Rulers rule the world with culture, reuse literature, develop imperial examinations, and widely open their minds, so their thoughts are active and a hundred flowers blossom. At the same time, however, there is a hidden crisis. The vassal regime, our army mercenaries self-respect. However, Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty had a special liking for Yuhuan, so the society of the Tang Dynasty was in a specific state of extreme prosperity and hidden worries. From Wu Zetian's title examination to Tang Xuanzong's rural tribute, the door of hope is wide open, but the possibility of being an official is limited after all. In particular, the gentry forces stabilized by the "conformity" qualification examination and selection system have revived, which makes scholars lament that the threshold is too high, often on impulse and disappointed. The hidden worries of Longxing are projected into the minds of gifted scholars with the main trend of hope and progress, forming their hazy uneasiness of "becoming more and more relaxed" (Xuanzong language), which often evolves into a unique style because of an experience. The spirit of independent universe in Chen Ziang's You Zhou Tower: Wang Hanzhi set a high standard for domestic culture, but rejected everything else; Meng Haoran was drunk and didn't go to Jingzhou; Li Bai invited Gao Lishi to take off his boots with an inkstone ... and so on, which constituted a group's wild and unruly style, a style of the times seen in Hui Hong. The gifted scholars in the prosperous Tang Dynasty had high expectations and were wild and uninhibited, but their thoughts were actually naive. They generally lack profound thinking and examination ability, but they are encouraged by Hui Hong's "Kaiyuan Shengshi". As a scholar from a civilian background, even if he is an official, it will take some time to pave the way under the strong influence of the gentry. Most of the talents appointed by Wuhou are literary courtiers. Since the beginning of Kaiyuan, even if China officials were rewarded, they were only commanders of the school book county. Occasionally, prominent figures will enter the center, but it will not last long. Although Li Bai is a very talented person, he is just a drama minister who appreciates the moon with poetry. Cambridge's History of Sui and Tang Dynasties pointed out that the reason why Zhang Jiuling dismissed from office in the 24th year of Kaiyuan was that his vision was narrow and his knowledge on a series of major issues was not enough to compete with the royal family who had many years of experience in governing the country. This is very insightful. They have two ways, either to give up their paranoia and arrogance, hone their ability to govern the country in the process of politics, and stifle the uniqueness of poetry; Either he is paranoid to carry forward the pride of his poetry, but he breaks his career path and shows his skill in poetry. Therefore, it can be said that the fundamental reason for the charm of Tang poetry lies in its political innocence and inexperience. Because of his special quality, experience and accomplishment, Li Bai carried forward the era of talented people in the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the extreme. Li Bai experienced seven emperors. In the specific historical period of Kaiyuan and Tianbao, Li Bai was typical because of his political "outstanding" and almost naive. Tianbao, when the career of talented people in the prosperous Tang Dynasty was disappointed in hope, Wang Wei followed in the painful abyss and went to the road of "Shi Fo". However, because Li Bai is waiting for the Golden Horse Gate, "I am not Artemisia when I go out laughing." In Anshi, Li Lin rose up and complied with the imperial edict of filial piety, but Li Bai took the initiative to enter Li Lin's curtain and said, "Just use Dongshan Xie Anshi to laugh for you." As a result, he was eventually exiled. For politics, he didn't think rationally, but only responded by feeling. This style of Li Bai reminds me of Ruan Ji's biography of Mr. Da. Scholars put political pressure into literary theory to relieve it, which means that they seem to have a crazy sense of the times, which is a celebrity style that Yi Shu also rolled up. The extreme inner depression and thoughts shaped the thinking and writing style at that time. Under the image of desolation and spoil everything, it is precisely a poetic heart crushed by reality. This is a typical example of the biography of Mr. Da. The so-called "great gentleman" is actually the spiritual expansion of Ruan Ji's people who are deeply powerless and humble in reality in the nothingness. So you will feel a lingering sense of melancholy and frustration through the emptiness of Mr. Big. Due to the similarity of the times, the image of "Mr. Big" was internalized by Li. Li Bai wrote: "Its heaven is tolerant, its way is superficial, it is unyielding, it is not ... it will lean on the heavenly sword, hang a bow to help the mulberry, float around the world and be wild." Without the universe, the sky is dim "[4]. It is obviously the evolution of "Mr. Big". However, due to the different spirit of the times, Li Bai's "big" image is essentially different from Ruan Ji's. Because the prosperous and enlightened Tang Dynasty was different from the original, it provided unprecedented hope for the realistic ambition of poetry, while the metaphysical Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties gradually declined, and Confucianism, which helped the world, once again became the main theme of the times. Therefore, Li Bai, with his unique naive and luxurious poetic mind, swept away the resentment and nothingness of Ruan Ji's "Mr. Da" and released Ruan Ji's restless English to a new height. The image of "Mr. Da" in the new era is rich in historical precipitation and also contains the realistic spirit of the times. He inherited Ruan Ji, but traced it back to Zhuang Meng, transcending reality and being trapped in current politics. With his naive qualifications and friends' learning and boasting, he carried forward the spirit of the times, while diluting the philosophical connotation of his predecessors and tending to cultural quality. The internalization and externalization of this spirit of the times has become the social root of Li Bai's Manchu thought. Second, the precipitation of Qu Yuan's Zhuang Meng thought: the weaving of romance and pain, and the tension with Julian Waghann-Li Chaofan's refined connotation Li Bai's independent style is actually the result of the gradual accumulation of profound history and culture. "Following in the footsteps of Qu Yuan and Zhuangzi,' Lian Zhuang and Qu Xin began with confessions' (Gong Zizhen's language). It has created a new diffuse' poetic world' for us. " [6] P 127 "They (Qu Yuan and Zhuangzi) are the pioneers and founders of my romantic literature. Their imagination is extremely rich and broad, and their artistic realm is spectacular. From thought to art, it has had a profound, lasting and extensive impact on the development of my literature. " [Li Bai wrote in "Antique": "What is sound, what is sadness *", and he once commented on Qu Yuan's "Qu Ping's ci poems hang on the moon, and the king of Chu is empty", which shows that Qu Yuan has a great influence on Li Bai. Later, Li Bai was exiled because of the Lin incident. In exile, Li Bai often compared himself with Qu Yuan. "Far from tears, long sorrow has been destroyed. After three years in Zepan, when will you come back? " It can be seen that he has a profound understanding and understanding of Qu Yuan's thought. Qu Yuan's socialist thought cannot be expressed by action because of the repression of reality, so he has to go beyond reality and gush out through poetry. Li Bai's ambition to serve the country cannot be realized because of his personality and reality, and he can only make a surging voice with poetry. This resentment made Li Bai read and like Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan's style deeply infected Li Bai through historical accumulation, so Li Bai inherited Qu Yuan and created a poetic world for us. "Zhuangzi's requirement for art is not to describe the real life that plays a positive social and political role concretely and truly, but to show an ideal spiritual realm that is far away from reality and beyond real life artistically ... This literary thought can only lead to romanticism, but not realism ... If you concretize and realize it (art), it will destroy it. Obviously, this kind of art can only appear in a diffuse way to adapt to its content. " The influence of Zhuangzi on Li Bai can be seen from the image of Peng. The image of Dapeng, which frequently appears in Li Bai's poems, originated from Zhuangzi's Peng Feng. In Li Bai's works, there is also the sacred quality of "the old fairy in the south", which is actually Mencius. It is not a contradiction that Zhuangzi and Mencius reappear in Li Bai at the same time, but the embodiment of Li Bai's eclectic thinking. The great influence of Zhuang Meng's thought lies in the completion of the historical style of China intellectuals with "natural dignity" as the core on the basis of highly democratic development of subjective spirit. Although the thoughts of Zhuang and Meng are different, they all point to this point from different ends, and their similarities are first manifested in the transcendence of secular kingship. Like Zhuangzi, Mencius' extreme self-esteem is based on the connection between heaven and heart, which is an important transformation of the traditional theory of correspondence between man and nature by philosophers during the war. Zhuangzi said that "Heaven is one" [Mencius said that "everyone knows; If you know it, you will know the sky. Knowing it from the heart, it is also a matter of heaven. " From the beginning of maintaining his integrity, he reached the realm of "I support my integrity". Although Zhuangzi regards natural nothingness as the sky, and Mencius regards social benevolence as the sky, compared with the pre-Qin philosophers, his concept of * * * which regards my heart as the sky shows a distinct feature, that is, it highly exaggerates my value and ejects the extreme publicity of my spirit. It is not difficult to see that Li Bai's self-centered style and spirit of hoping that all rivers run into the sea are based on Zhuang Mengge. The atmosphere of the times, the status and mentality of talents in the Kaiyuan period are strikingly similar to the emerging taxis in the Autumn War. They are all in a relatively enlightened era, full of hope and demanding a grand plan. They have a bright future, but the road is difficult and there are many obstacles. This situation, which is close to the reappearance of history, enabled Zhuang Meng to display his subjective spirit and exaggerate his self-worth, which was accumulated and publicized in the Tang Dynasty. If we say that Zhuang Meng's talent in English and instrument in the prosperous Tang Dynasty was the best condition to carry forward, then Li Bai has a unique qualification because of special conditions such as geography, education and children. It can be said that Zhuang Meng, as a thinker, has a measured and even sophisticated evaluation of fertility. Then, as a poem, Li Bai, who lacks the quality of "Zi", continued to expand his imagination, thus expanding the culture of Zhuang and Meng. Li Bai's "Long winds and waves sometimes, and set my cloudy sail straight and bridge the deep, deep sea" [4] and "Since God has given talents, let them be used!" [4], as well as Mencius's "500-year-old king, during which there will be celebrities. He is over 700 years old since last week. In its number, it is too much; You can do it if you test it at the right time. My husband hasn't ruled the world yet, for example. Who else in the world today? Why am I not prepared? " As heroes think, so thought Bruce. But Mencius failed in lobbying and taught his disciples behind closed doors. "Confucius is over one hundred years old today. If it is not far from the holy land, if it is near the holy land, it is nothing, but it is nothing. " It is the same as Li Bai's "the road is difficult to get out, and the sky is difficult to get out". However, "depravity" has become a catalyst for Li Bai's wildness. We can also capture a hint of self-pity and self-pity from his lament, claiming to be the "teacher Wang" who descended from heaven. "It's not too late to help the poor when the East Mountain lies high" and "Looking at Chang 'an in the distance, but not seeing Chang 'an". Nine days in Chang 'an Palace Que, this place was once a close minister, and once again the white heart has not changed. "These poems are a portrayal of this spirit. Li Bai was deeply influenced by the Taoist transcendental immortal school and the spiritual connotation of all kinds of thinking. Before the age of 20, Shi was closely related to some hermits and Taoists, and worshipped Zhao Kun as a teacher, living in seclusion in Minshan and practicing Taoism. Even the "Guanghan satrap" heard the difference, and I saw it with my own eyes. Because I thought it was the Tao, I couldn't afford to wait. "During the period of Anlu, Donglu and Liangyuan, for 28 years, he often lived in seclusion, sought immortality, visited the Tao, and finally entered the Tao. After Tianbao, Li Bai pursued fairyland even more, and eventually it got out of hand. This is inseparable from the social background at that time. " In the late Tang Dynasty, political corruption, social unrest and people's lives were miserable. Some honest intellectuals are not satisfied with the dark social reality, and they are unable to transform society and save people, so they have a negative thought of avoiding the world and seeking immortality. "Later, when it comes to Li Bai, there are different opinions, either close to Confucianism, close to chivalry or close to strategists." In the Qing Dynasty, Gong Zizhen once pointed out in the most recorded Li Baiji:' Confucianism, chivalry and immortals can't be combined, so we should think together and repent again'. These words clarify two problems: first, Li Bai's thought is really influenced by a hundred schools of thought; Second, Confucianism, immortals and chivalry are originally opposing ideological systems. Because Li Bai adheres to the spirit of "complement each other and serve us" and unifies the three. "I thought that Li Bai was Li Bai because he didn't appear as a politician. All kinds of statements finally reveal a contradiction: Li Bai went to contend with a hundred schools of thought, but did not take the words of one family as his final conversion. Li Bai is Li Bai, and the legacy left by many predecessors in his works has been endowed with Li Bai's soul. It belongs to him that he hopes to travel through all the ancient times and complete himself. Talking about the east and the west, commenting on the long and short, and saying that there is no peace, is a spirit precipitated by complex thoughts, which has been personified and spread by Li Bai. The accumulation and publicity of these historical and cultural thoughts on Li Bai is the ideological root of Li Bai's romanticism. Third, talent, personality, and the guidance of the tutor: the influence of the literati, the romantic and lonely book-good Li Taibai Li Bai, bold, noble and chivalrous, with a well-off family, and his father Li Ke is quite literate, so he has received a good education since childhood. " At the age of five, I recited Liu Jia. At the age of ten, I read hundreds of books. Since Xuanyuan, I have heard about it for a long time "]," Fifteen wonderful books, endowed with fragrance. Li Bai "often reads classics and works tirelessly". There is a legend in Song Zhu Mu's "Yu Fang Wins Orchid" that "as long as you are willing to work hard, the iron pestle is ground into a needle". Although it may be incidental, it is not unreasonable. All these show that Li Bai has received a good education since childhood, so he is outstanding among his peers and has great wisdom. Li Bai, about twenty years old, studied vertical and horizontal techniques from Zhao Li when he was studying in Daishan. Zhao Kun often talks with Li Bai about the rise and fall of history, watching heroes turn the tide, which makes Li Bai have heroic aspirations and heroes in his heart. Zhao Kun's thought of introducing chivalry has a far-reaching influence on Li Bai. Because Li Bailu's sharpness is surprising, many articles praised him. Su Xiang called Li Bai "a genius, brilliant, and endless in writing. Although the wind is not strong, we can see the strength of the special car. If you learn widely, you can keep pace. " Tang Zhao Meng wrote in "The Art of Poetry": "I arrived in Shu and gave up traveling. He Jian heard Zhang's name and went to see him for the first time. It's amazing. Please reply to what you wrote. The publication of Shu Dao Nan is to show it. When I didn't finish reading it, there were four people who sighed, and the number was' Xian Xian'. I got rid of the scarab for wine, and I was completely drunk, which was unexpected, so I praised Guanghe. " [The preface to Li Bai's poem "Remembering the Wine and Celebrating the Prison" says: "The Prince paid tribute to the Duke, so the Duke of Zi Jigong in Chang 'an saw it, which was called the immortal, because he liked to solve the beetle for wine. "There is a cloud in the poem:' When we meet in Chang 'an, I call the immortal to die',' Scarab turns into wine, but I remember to touch the towel with tears'." "Li Bai seeks Fan Shi's seclusion": "Hou Li has a good word, which often seems to be loud." "Li Bai's Twenty Rhymes": "The pen falls and shocks the wind and rain, and the poem makes the gods cry." Li Bai once wrote: "I met Sima Weizi on the rooftop of Jiangling yesterday, saying that I have a sage like style and can roam with God in the octupole table." Many articles call Li Bai the quality of sage like style, so Li Bai will continue to develop in this direction and eventually form his own unique style of prose. There have been many romances since ancient times, and so has Li Bai. In Li Bai's poems, there are more than 1.20 female poems, which can be roughly divided into the following categories: poems about customers, poems about wives, poems about working women, poems about women in court, poems about women Taoist priests, poems about rya and his wife. They are all things he encountered in his life, and they are all paintings by women in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In addition, there are many works describing handling, viewing and coming out. For example, take me to Liangwanglou and Xiamengshan Peach Blossom Garden, and use this gift to send my nephew to Huiji Opera, Wei Sima Lou's army banquet for boating, Handan Nange, autumn hunting orphan father's east building, and four poems by Lu Li-jing. , or entertainment, or watching art, or treasure, or carry. Song Chenzao said, "Ling Du toasts, and we seldom meet each other. No one in the world can be so fair. Don't blame the women, there is nothing else to describe. " Li Bai had four husbands in his life: Xu Fu, Zong Fu and two concubines, and wrote twelve farewell poems for them. We should treat Li Bai's poems from a dialectical point of view. If we look at it from two aspects, the criticism that "Li Bai's poems are inseparable from those of19th century" is biased. Because Li Bai was influenced by the lifestyle of celebrities in Zhengshi, after the decline of metaphysics, the lifestyle of celebrities in Wei and Jin Dynasties characterized by free spirit was appreciated by Li Bai. Therefore, alcohol is an important theme of poetry and has been endowed with different characteristics of the times. In the weak and precarious state, Qi Liang became a court, but in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, it was a medium to express English and ease, and lofty life and ambition to make achievements were often two aspects of the prosperity of Tang poetry. Li Bai's writing of women's songs not only sweeps away the flavor of Qi Liang powder, but also is not limited to the so-called "women share the same life". The elegance of Li Bai's poems is a description of natural beauty. The image of Yue Nv under the bright moon in Qingjiang described in Five Poems of Yue Nv makes people feel a kind of pure and beautiful elegance, as if it were the secularization of Zhuangzi. Comparing the elegance in Yue Nv's Ci with the chivalrous youth in Walking Hunt, we can not only feel that there is a kind of pursuit of holiness and elegance in Li Bai's poems, but also feel that intestines and chivalry form another unity of opposites in Li Bai's poems, which is the basic variation and internalization of Zhuangzi-style escape and Mencius-style English. In the last two years of Li Bai's life, he moved around Xuancheng and Jinling, poor and miserable. Although I can still get the support of some friends, "a small gift is expensive, but it is inevitable to" sing a monologue "and worry about my life. [4] In the first year of Daizong Baoying (AD 762), Li Bai was seriously ill. On his deathbed, he gave all his life's works to Li Bing, who compiled them into ten volumes of Caotang Collection. This collection has not been handed down. 1 1 year, stone pawn, aged 62. Li Bai's life is a tragic life, tragic and strong, ambitious and strong, tragic and hard to pay. He has the enthusiasm of his ancestors and people, and he hopes that his talents can make a great cause for the people. From his youth to the year before his death, he struggled for his ideals and ambitions, but he was hit again and again, and finally died in loneliness and poverty with great regret. Before he died, the poem reviewed his life and wrote his last words: "Big Pengfei shook eight generations, the sky destroyed eight generations, the wind stayed forever, swam to the mulberry and hung left, and then spread it." Who cried when Zhong Ni died! " In the poem, he compares himself to Dapeng: Dapeng, which flies 50 thousand Li high, disappears from the sky and Confucius is dead. Who shed tears for the destruction of Dapeng? This is a sigh of poetic ambition! It is also a deep regret for his tragic life! It is precisely because of Li Bai's unique personal and special family background and the influence of teachers and friends that Li Bai developed towards romanticism and finally formed his own unique romantic style. (from Baidu)