Famous literati from Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty gathered in the court. Emperor Wen of Sui, the Emperor of Sui Dynasty, was a powerful minister of Northern Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, under his advocacy, the literature in the early Sui Dynasty inherited the vigorous style of the Northern Dynasty, with Xue Daoheng and Su Yang as the representative writers. For example:
"Going Home in the Future" was written by the author when he was the ambassador of Chen (the foreign minister of Chen State) for five years after the Emperor's reign. The text is concise and the conception is exquisite.
Su Yang's Beyond the Castle was written at the end of the emperor's reign, and the author led the army to conquer the Turks. The whole poem is magnificent, and it washes away the common powder and gas in Liang and Chen's poems.
Compared with the northern culture of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, Yang Di, who had been the secretariat of Yangzhou for ten years, was fascinated by the southern culture. He modeled himself on Jiankang, the capital of the Southern Dynasties, built Luoyang, the capital of the East, and dug a canal running through the north and south, aiming at transforming the cultures of all parts of the country with southern culture.
Emperor Yang Di's own works can also slightly integrate the strengths of North and South cultures, paying equal attention to spirit and beauty, such as:
When Yang Di was the King of Jin, he recruited more than 100 southern scholars. After he succeeded to the throne, he developed a huge court literature group with southern scholars as the main body.
During Yang Di's ten years in power, he always wandered around, so his work style was full of energy and colorful. Emperor Yang Di's palace literature group also contributed to the initial integration of North and South cultures.
The court literature in the early Tang Dynasty was developed on the basis of inheriting and reflecting the culture of Yang Di.
In the eighth year of Zhenguan, Li Shimin said to Yu Shinan and Wei Zhi, "Qin Shihuang leveled the six countries, while Yang Di was rich in the four seas. He is arrogant, he likes leisure and hates work. Once defeated, how can I be arrogant? " -"Zhenguan Politician".
This calmness and sobriety is also reflected in the court literature creation in the early Tang Dynasty. As Li Shimin's "Imperial Capital" said:
"Dijing Pian" consists of a preface and ten poems, and the content is nothing more than the court environment and life. However, in the preface, the pleasure of "ditch" and "forest pavilion" was taken over by the desire of "rivers and seas" and "mountains and rivers", which reflected the wisdom of Tang Taizong's careful calculation, contentment and frugality.
Most of the court literati in the Tang Taizong dynasty experienced the process from war to peace, so their works often abandoned the weakness of Liang Chen's official style and the arrogance of Emperor Yang's court literature. Although their poetic temperament failed to get rid of the influence of Sui Chen's palace literature, it converged moderately after rational weighing, which undoubtedly had a certain demonstration influence on the development of the whole Tang Dynasty literature, which is worthy of recognition.
After the rule of Zhenguan, the society developed steadily and lasted for a long time, and the wind of extravagance gradually rose. From the Tang Gaozong period, the court literati began to pay attention to the carving of poetic language and the comprehensive exploration of metrical forms, and at the same time began to emphasize the praise of poetic content.
The earliest representative of the poetic style in this period was the "official style" in the Gaozong period: Shangguan Yi, who was a bachelor of Hong Wen Pavilion in Taizong at that time, was in the second year of Gaozong (AD 662), so his poetic theory was very influential:
On the theory of poetry, Shangguan Yi summarized and put forward the theories of "there are six pairs of poems" and "there are eight pairs of poems", and began to explore the metrical form of poetry.
Wang Ji was an important poet outside the palace in the early Tang Dynasty. He worked as a few short-term officials, but eventually retired to the countryside. His poems show a different style from the palace-style poems that dominated the literary world at that time. They are similar to Tao Yuanming in words and simple in language, mainly expressing pastoral life and landscape feelings. However, his poems are different from Tao Yuanming's integration into the countryside, with a calm and slightly lonely connotation and a lower realm than Tao Yuanming's poems. For example:
This is a relatively strict five laws, which proves that Wang Ji made a certain contribution to the formation of the five laws in the Tang Dynasty.
The four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty refer to Yang Jiong, Lu and Luo, and they are the lower-level literati creation groups relative to the court poets.
In view of the monotonous style and lack of strength of court poetry, they strongly advocated the vitality and backbone of poetry, actively explored new creative themes, and expanded the theme of early Tang poetry from the court to the market and the wilderness beyond the Great Wall, expanding the field of poetry expression.
Luo's Landscape and Lu's Ancient Meaning of Chang 'an are the representative works.
"Jing Di Pian" is based on the works of the same name by Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty. It narrates the grandeur of Jing Di, and at the end, it expresses the criticism of the coldness of human feelings and the indifference of the world, as well as the indignation of the lack of talents.
The ancient meaning of Chang 'an also laid out the life scene of Chang 'an, which not only showed the love and yearning for a better life, but also satirized the arrogance, extravagance and civil strife of the powerful class. At the same time, it also expresses the feelings of the lower class scholars' lack of talent, and reveals the philosophy of life that things are impermanent and prosperity cannot last long.
Another example is his metrical poem:
Joining the Army expresses the author's heart of serving the country and what he has learned. The ending state is slightly inferior, but the pen is beating and passionate.
Farewell to Deputy Du DuDu, with the magnificent scenery in central Sichuan as the theme, expresses the uncertainty of official career, and takes Cao Zhi's White Horse as the couplet. It is quite obvious to young people that "the husband is full of ambition and Wan Li is still close to his neighbors", and his mood changes from low to high, and his poetic situation is superior.
A political prisoner who listens to cicadas uses the metaphor of cicadas to express his grief and indignation at being framed and imprisoned.
With the "four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty" advocating the strength of poetry, the development direction of Tang poetry has basically been finalized, and Shen Quanqi and Song made important contributions to the finalization of five-character poems.
Shen Quanqi and Song are similar in age and experience, so he is my brother. In the same year, Jinshi was selected and edited "Three Religions and Zhu Ying", and participated in various court activities together. He was demoted to the spirit table for flattering the Zhang Changzong brothers, and was pardoned and returned to Beijing. Their personalities have been widely criticized, but they are all outstanding. For example:
Sleeping in Qipanling is what the author saw and heard when he lived alone in Qipanling in the early hours of his exile. The moon will set, the rivers will go west, the ginkgo will be green, and the rules will cry. There is no emotion in the poem, but every sentence expresses loneliness, melancholy and fear of the future in the journey. Although I feel guilty because of something bad, the artistic conception is real.
Du Da Yu Ling, written by Song Dynasty with the help of Da Yu Ling, is precise in meter, concise and plain in language, full of regret, implicit in hope, and very appropriate.
Shen Song and his wife made outstanding contributions to the five-character rhyme, and finally determined the format of the five-character rhyme, which was also affirmed by scholars in Tang and Song Dynasties.
Many people's understanding of Chen Ziang began with Youzhou Tower. Chen Ziang is similar to the Four Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty, but he is more sensitive and idealistic. He has a better insight into the drawbacks and shortcomings of society and a keen grasp of political trends, but he is also more likely to feel the cruelty and sorrow of reality.
There are 65,438+027 existing poems in Chen Ziang, including 38 representative poems, which generally express the feelings of life and criticism of politics, such as:
The first 19 directly rebuked Wu Zetian for building a large building for killing Buddha, and the 34th song expressed her anguish that she had nowhere to display her enthusiasm for serving the country with "Ke Yan".
Chen Ziang's poetry has a high backbone, deep interest, sincere emotion and simple language training. After the Four Masters, he was an important figure who admired the wind of Han and Wei dynasties and opposed the wind of algae decoration.
Zhang Shengping is unknown, and there are two poems handed down from generation to generation, which are highly respected for "Moonlit Night on a Spring River".
Zhang's "Moonlit Night on the Spring River" is based on the works of three emperors of the same name, and also integrates the artistic conception of the Western Zhou Qu, a Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties, and creatively expands, rewrites and promotes it. The images of wandering women are introduced into natural images such as spring, river, flowers, moon and night, and their emotions are at the center of the whole poem, which is unique in previous works.
Moonlit Night on the Spring River opens up a new realm of poetry with harmonious realm, delicate images and profound emotions, which indicates the arrival of a new era of poetry.