After Schwarzschild discovered the Schwarzschild black hole, theoretical physicists studied the Schwarzschild constant equation.
Western solutions have been explored for nearly half a century. Including the Kerr solution mentioned above, Resler-Nostrang.
Hamm's solution and Newman's later solution are the results of research around Schwarzenegger's solution. I'll stop here.
Everyone's wormhole is also a descendant of Schwarzenegger.
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When physicists think of white holes, wormholes first appear in Schwarzschild's solution. They are familiar with each other.
After an Einstein thought experiment, I found that time and space can be curved, not flat. under the circumstances
In that case, we will find that if a star forms a black hole, then both time and space are in the schwarzschild radius, that is,
But the horizon is completely perpendicular to the original time and space. In an uneven cosmic space-time, this structure
People think that one part of the black hole's horizon will combine with another part of the universe, and then there will be one.
A hole. This hole can be a black hole or a white hole. This curved horizon, called Schwarzenegger's throat, also
This is a special wormhole.
Physicists have been curious about the nature of wormholes since they were discovered in Schwarzenegger's solution.
Let's first look at the classic function of wormholes: connecting black holes and white holes to become an Einstein-
Rosen bridge, the matter completely disintegrates into elementary particles at the singularity of the black hole, and then passes through this wormhole (i.e.
Einstein-Rosen Bridge) was transported to the location of this white hole and radiated.
Of course, the wormhole mentioned above is just a way to transfer matter between a black hole and a white hole, but
Wormholes do more than that.
Black holes and black holes can also be connected through wormholes. Of course, this connection will be strong anyway.
It is still just a connected "cosmic prison".
Wormholes can not only be used as tools to connect holes, but also appear in the normal space-time of the universe and become
A hyperspace pipeline that suddenly appeared in the universe.
Wormholes have no horizon, only a decomposition surface with the outside world. Wormholes pass through this decomposition surface.
Hyperspace connection, but here the curvature of space-time is not infinite. Just like a curve on a plane.
Tangent to another curve, in the wormhole problem, it is like a four-dimensional pipe and a three-dimensional hole.
Tangent, where the curvature of space-time is not infinite. So now we can safely pass through the wormhole.
Destroyed by great gravity.
So what are the attributes of wormholes?
Using the theory of relativity, regardless of some quantum effects and any energy except gravity, we must
Some very simple and basic descriptions of wormholes are obtained. These descriptions are very important, but because of us
It is important to study black holes, not holes in the universe, so I only briefly introduce the properties of wormholes here.
Quality, and for some related theories and descriptions of these theories, we won't cover them here first.
What are the attributes of wormholes? The most important one described in the theory of relativity is used as the most important one in the universe.
Tell the train. However, the second important property of wormholes is what quantum theory tells us.
It also clearly tells us that wormholes can't be the universe telling trains. The existence of wormholes depends on
A strange property and substance, and this strange property is negative energy. Only negative energy can be dimensional.
The existence of wormholes keeps the decomposition surface between wormholes and external space-time open. Of course, Dirac is in Finkel.
On the basis of Stein frame of reference, it is found that the choice of frame of reference can help us analyze it more easily or more difficult.
Physical problems. Similarly, negative energy is easy to realize in Dirac's other frame of reference, because
Because the expression of energy is related to the speed of the observed object. This conclusion also plays an important role in the theory of membrane specification.
A very important role. According to the different frame of reference, negative energy is easy to realize. When the object is in the low beam
When the speed approaches the wormhole, the energy around the wormhole naturally becomes negative. So at nearly the speed of light,
The speed can enter the wormhole, and the speed is too big from the speed of light, so it is impossible for an object to enter the wormhole anyway.
Yes This is one of the special properties of wormholes.
But the wormhole is not so calm. What I said earlier is the wormhole in the quiet theory of relativity, but in the fierce theory of relativity.
In quantum theory, the nature of wormholes has changed greatly.
We want to look at the wormhole in the black hole first, that is, the sub-universe formed around Schwarzenegger's throat and singularity.
The quantum vacuum fluctuation around the black hole will be "fed" by the gravitational energy of the black hole under the action of the huge gravity of the black hole.
Big, become very energetic radiation. This energy will mercilessly destroy all forms of wormholes.
In a wormhole without a black hole, because there is also no "feeding" of the huge gravity of the black hole, the wormhole
Can't drive for long. Wormholes are likely to be opened randomly, but they are more likely to disappear suddenly.
Lost. The wormhole opened for a very short time, only a few Planck's time. In such a short "life",
Even light can't reach half of the wormhole, but in the middle, due to the disappearance of the wormhole, it is in the whole time and space.
Disappear and become a true four-dimensional space-time group traveler.
Moreover, when no object passes through the wormhole, the wormhole is still relatively "longevity". Once an object enters,
Entering the wormhole, if this object is negative energy, then fortunately, the wormhole will be opened; But if this object
Is positive energy, then the wormhole will "perish" before "natural death". In the universe,
Almost all the time, energy radiation passes through every corner of the universe, and these radiations are positive energy.
Therefore, it is almost certain that there are no wormholes in nature.
So how did the wormhole form?
Wormholes have two natural generating mechanisms:
First, it is the powerful gravitational energy of black holes;
The second is the rapid rotation of kerr black holes, and its Rennes-tiling effect will be in the energy layer around the black hole.
Time and space have torn some small holes. Under the action of gravitational energy and rotational energy, these pores are broken down into some.
Very small wormholes. These wormholes can determine where their exits are under the action of gravitational energy of black holes.
But it is impossible to finish it now, because quantum theory and relativity have not been completely combined.
There are some articles that you can click on:
The address of this paper is/04/110/17/144a aini009rt.html.
Poems about wormholes;
/BBS/665 199/ 12/ 18242 . html
Scientific point of view:
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It is easy to imagine a "black hole" as a "big black hole", but it is not. The so-called "black hole" is such a celestial body: its gravitational field is so strong that even light cannot escape.
According to the general theory of relativity, the gravitational field will bend space-time. When the star is large, its gravitational field has little influence on time and space, and the light emitted from a certain point on the surface of the star can be emitted in any direction in a straight line. The smaller the radius of the star, the greater the bending effect on the surrounding space-time, and the light emitted at some angles will return to the surface of the star along the curved space.
When the radius of a star is as small as a certain value (called "schwarzschild radius" in astronomy), even the light emitted from the vertical plane is captured. At this time, the star becomes a black hole. To call it "black" means that it is like a bottomless pit in the universe. Once anything falls in, it seems that it can't escape. In fact, black holes are really invisible, which we will talk about later.
So, how are black holes formed? In fact, like white dwarfs and neutron stars, black holes probably evolved from stars.
We have introduced the formation process of white dwarfs and neutron stars in detail. When a star ages, its thermonuclear reaction has exhausted the fuel (hydrogen) in the center, and the energy generated by the center is running out. In this way, it no longer has enough strength to bear the huge weight of the shell. Therefore, under the heavy pressure of the shell, the core began to collapse, until finally a small and dense star was formed, which could balance the pressure again.
Stars with smaller mass mainly evolve into white dwarfs, while stars with larger mass may form neutron stars. According to scientists' calculations, the total mass of neutron stars cannot be more than three times that of the sun. If it exceeds this value, there will be no force to compete with its own gravity, which will lead to another big collapse.
This time, according to scientists' guesses, matter will move relentlessly to the center point until it becomes a "point" with zero volume and infinite density. And once its radius shrinks to a certain extent (schwarzschild radius), as we mentioned above, the huge gravity makes it impossible to shoot out even light, thus cutting off all the connection between the star and the outside world-a "black hole" is born.
Compared with other celestial bodies, black holes are too special. For example, a black hole is invisible, so people can't directly observe it, and even scientists can only make various guesses about its internal structure. So how does a black hole hide itself? The answer is-bending space. As we all know, light travels in a straight line. This is a basic common sense. But according to the general theory of relativity, space will bend under the action of gravitational field. At this time, although the light still propagates along the shortest distance between any two points, it is not a straight line, but a curve. Figuratively speaking, it seems that light should go straight ahead, but strong gravity pulls it away from its original direction.
On earth, because the gravitational field is very small, this bending is very small. Around the black hole, this space deformation is very large. In this way, even if the light emitted by the star is blocked by the black hole, although part of it will fall into the black hole and disappear, the other part will bypass the black hole in the curved space and reach the earth. So we can easily observe the starry sky on the back of the black hole, just as the black hole does not exist. This is the invisibility of black holes.
More interestingly, some stars not only send light energy directly to the earth, but also send light in other directions, which may be refracted by the strong gravity of nearby black holes and reach the earth. In this way, we can see not only the "face" of this star, but also its side and even its back!
"Black hole" is undoubtedly one of the most challenging and exciting astronomical theories in this century. Many scientists are trying to uncover its mystery, and new theories are constantly put forward. However, these latest achievements in contemporary astrophysics cannot be explained clearly here in a few words. Interested friends can refer to special works.
black hole
A black hole is a place with strong gravity, and nothing can escape from it, even light. Black holes can be produced from the "death" of massive stars. When a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel and reaches the final evolution state, the star will become unstable and collapse under the action of gravity, and the weight of the death star will be violently squeezed inward in all directions. When gravity is so great that there is no other repulsion, the star will be pressed into an isolated point, which is called a "singularity".
Details about the structure of black holes can be calculated by Einstein's general relativity, which explains that gravity bends space and slows down the clock. Singularity is the center of a black hole, and there is strong gravity around it. Usually, the surface of a black hole is called event horizon, or event horizon, or "schwarzschild radius of a static spherical black hole". It is the boundary between those time-space events, which can communicate with distant events, but those time-space events cannot be transmitted because the signals are captured by the strong gravitational field. Below the event horizon, the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light. This is a celestial phenomenon that has not been observed and confirmed by human beings, but it has been well studied by some theoretical astronomers such as Hawking in mathematical models.
What is a white hole?
Simply put, the white hole can be said to be a black hole in reverse time. The matter that enters the black hole should eventually come out of the white hole and appear in another universe. It is called a "white hole" because it has completely opposite properties to a "black hole". At present, astronomers have actually discovered black holes, but white holes have not really been discovered. It is just a theoretical term.
(1) Introduction to White Cave:
As an ultimate development, black holes will inevitably lead to another ultimate, that is, white holes. In fact, in the expanding Big Bang cosmology, the singularity problem of the primitive fireball has long been encountered and has been puzzling scientists. The maximum mass and density of this singularity are similar to those of a black hole, but their mechanism of action is just the opposite. The discovery of high-energy ultra-dense matter shows the possibility of the existence of black holes. Nature also shows the possibility of the existence of white holes. If the matter in the universe reaches the end point according to different paths and times, it may also start from the origin according to different times and paths, that is, after the occurrence of the big white hole at the beginning of the Big Bang, a small white hole may still appear. Moreover, what is the fate of the material flowing into the black hole? Will it accumulate in infinitesimal singularities forever until the universe is destroyed or will it spew out in another universe?
If black holes come from nothingness, then white holes should come from nothingness. In 1960s, Soviet scientists began to put forward the concept of white hole. Scientists have done a lot of work, but this concept is not as popular as black holes. It seems that the white hole is even more illusory. The problem is that we are already familiar with the gravitational field. There are mathematical laws for stars and galaxies to evolve into black holes, but the cause of white holes is still at a loss. Anyway, the universe triggered at least once. Therefore, the study of white holes is obviously more closely related to the study of the origin of the universe, so the theory of white holes is usually combined with cosmology. The direction of people's efforts is not the philosophical debate between black holes and white holes, but its physical mechanism. It is always easier to infer the ending from the existing state, and conversely, it is inevitable to explore the original from the existing state.
(2) the origin of the white hole:
The white hole theory has been around for a long time. 1970, Geming proposed the possibility of their existence in quasars and violently active galaxies. Scholars of relativity and cosmology have long understood the possibility of this theory, but it is different from the general orthodox cosmology and it is difficult to be recognized. Some theories believe that cosmic objects follow Kepler's orbital motion because of their violent motion or high-energy small celestial bodies ejected from a galaxy. This is a highly idealized speculation, that is, there are several white holes in a place, which rotate with each other at the core of the galaxy and occasionally spew out stars all over the sky. The ejected white hole evolved into a new galaxy. From the photos of galaxy clusters, it can be observed that a series of galaxies are connected by matter, which shows that they are formed by a series of violent jets. According to this, the white hole may divide and reproduce like an amoeba and form a galaxy through division.
From this perspective, there are different views on the formation of galaxies. Some astronomers put forward and accepted that there was a condensation of heterogeneous substances at the beginning of the universe, including white holes. The universe shrinks to the initial singularity, and galaxies and galaxy groups all act in the same way, which is of course similar to the singularity of black holes. Different regions of the universe have different densities. When they contract, they first reach the critical density of black holes at high density, then disappear from the event world, and the universe continues to contract. High-density singularities keep appearing. The universe has become a collection of a large number of black holes and surrounding matter. In fact, however, the universe is expanding rather than contracting, so it is a white hole rather than a black hole. There are small particles with high density in the big singularity originating from the wholeness of the universe. They spread in all directions with the expansion, resulting in a large number of uneven objects such as small white holes and galaxies. The reason why heterogeneous objects are easily associated with black holes is that it is a process of local contraction of the universe and is symmetrical with the expansion status quo. At present, black holes and white holes exist in parallel in the universe, which are just two endpoints of the process. The singularity of a black hole is the end of the collapse of matter at the end of the cycle, and the singularity of a white hole is the beginning of a galaxy. However, these processes did not happen at the same time, but staggered one after another.
(3) the outbreak of the white hole:
At present, there is not much information about the white cave, so we don't know much about the eruption of the white cave. The source of the nozzle in the white cave is not clear, just as the cause of the big bang is unknown. Nerika discussed many problems that puzzled astronomers in 1975 and the mathematical connection of white caves. This is relevant and important. On the premise that there are white holes in the explosion, external observers can detect the spectra of different radiation sources caused by blue shift. Einstein's cosmological equation followed in the initial state of the Big Bang can also be used to explore the unexpanded nuclear state of the galaxy-scale expansion system, but Nerika uses this equation to combine the physical terms of the process. It takes a very short time for the white hole to explode outward. Of course, this instantaneous process is difficult to explain, but the electromagnetic radiation generated by the white hole can be calculated. Observed explosion spectrum.
If the radiation is produced by a white hole, naturally, the higher the radiation energy, the greater the blue shift, so the visible light also moved to the ultraviolet region at first. He also calculated the occasional small-scale explosion phenomenon in the Milky Way, indicating the possibility of a small white hole in the Milky Way exploding at any time. For example, the X-rays that are active for a short time in the Milky Way reach the highest energy first, and then the energy drops. In the spectrum, it shows that the whole decreases according to the curtain function, which is consistent with the theoretical calculation of white hole. The spectrum of each X-ray is different, but this difference can be explained by the distortion of electromagnetic radiation produced by the white hole itself, because the radiation produced by the white hole may have different forms, such as blackbody radiation (noise below microwave), free-free radiation (interaction between charged particles), synchronous radiation (charged particles produced by strong magnetic field) and so on. The generation of high-energy particles under the background of cosmic rays can also be identified as objects erupting from white holes.
Is there really a white hole in the universe
So far, "white hole" is only a theoretical term, and scientists have not actually discovered it. Technically, it is much easier to find black holes, even supermassive black holes, than to find white holes. Maybe every black hole has a corresponding white hole! But as far as I know, we are not sure whether all supermassive holes are black holes, or whether white holes and black holes should appear in pairs. But from the point of gravity, from a distance, their characteristics are the same.
As we know, because of its strong gravity, a black hole can suck up anything nearby and can only enter. If we regard a black hole as an entrance, there should be an exit that can only enter, which is the so-called "white hole". The passage between the black hole and the white hole also has a proper term, which is called "gray tunnel" (that is, "wormhole")