Relatives or sorrows, others have also sung.
What's the way to die? It's still that mountain.
Some relatives are still grieving, and some are already singing.
There is nothing to say when people are dead, but just put their bodies in the mountains and (finally) assimilate with them.
Starting from the Wei and Jin Dynasties and going through the Southern and Northern Dynasties, including the early Tang Dynasty, it is the first paragraph of China's medieval literature. Taken together, this literature is marked by the prosperity of ancient modern poetry. The Five Ancient Dynasties reached its climax in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the Seven Ancient Dynasties and the Five Seven Words reached their peak in the early Tang Dynasty.
Great changes have taken place in literature during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The consciousness of literature and the individualization of literary creation are the most remarkable changes, which have triggered a series of other changes and developments. During this period, the court played a central role and formed a literary group centered on the court. The convergence within the group makes literature present a group style at this time and another style at another time, which makes the stages of literature development quite obvious. There are some outstanding writers in the literary group, such as Cao Zhi, Ruan Ji and Yu Xin, but Tao Yuanming, who has the highest achievement, does not belong to any group. He stood above others with a detached face. The inheritance and evolution of the literature of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the literature of the Han Dynasty is most obvious in the five-character ancient poems and ci fu. In the process of learning Han Yuefu, the literati pushed the five-character poem to the peak; The development of lyrical small fu and the form of husband and wife made Han Fu develop under the new conditions.
Literary Consciousness and the Prosperity of Literary Criticism
The symbol of literary consciousness is from character evaluation to literary evaluation, from stylistic analysis to anthology compilation, and the establishment of new literary trends of thought.
Compared with literary creation, literary theory and criticism in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were extremely prosperous. (Wei) Cao's Classic Essays, (Western Jin Dynasty) Lu Ji's, (Liang) Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long, (Liang) Shi Pin and other works, and (Liang)
The prosperity of literary theory and criticism is inseparable from the consciousness of literature. The consciousness of literature is a long process, which runs through the whole Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and took about 300 years to realize. The so-called literary consciousness has three signs: first, literature is separated from the broad academic sense and becomes an independent category. The so-called literature in the Han Dynasty refers to learning, especially Confucianism. Historical Records Xiaowu: "Learn Confucianism and recruit sages, Zhao Wan, Wang Zang, etc.". Seeing literature as a public office, I want to discuss the establishment of ancient Tang Ming in the south of the city. " The literature mentioned here obviously refers to scholarship. During the Southern Dynasties, literature had a new position independent of academics. Song Wendi has established four schools of thought, and literature is juxtaposed with Confucianism, metaphysics and history. Ye Fan's "The History of the Later Han Dynasty", "Biography of Wen Yuan" and "Scholars" are all important symbols. Meanwhile, there is a difference between writing and not writing. "Wen Xin Diao Zong Long Shu": "Now there are words and pens, thinking that those who have no rhyme are also pens, and those who have rhyme are also texts." This generation has shown a universal understanding. Emperor Liang Yuan further explained the difference between writing and not writing in Jin Lou Pian: "It's inconvenient, the poems are compiled like Yan, and the good deeds are played like Bo Song. If so, it is a pen. " Those who recite wind rumors, even those who mourn, are called articles. ..... If you are a writer, you just need to be full of enthusiasm, full of palaces, kissed on the lips, and wavered in mood. "The difference between words and words mentioned by Xiao Yi is not limited to rhyme, but emphasizes the characteristics of expressing feelings with emotion and moving people with emotion, and pays more attention to the formal beauty of language. The "literature" he said is close to the literature we say today. Secondly, we have made a detailed distinction between various genres of literature, and more importantly, we have a clear understanding of the system and style characteristics of various genres. Stylistic discrimination can be traced back to Hanshu as early as possible, while Dong Guan Han Ji, Cai Yong's Arbitrariness and Liu Xi's Interpretation of Names reflect the early consciousness of stylistic discrimination. A clearer and more conscious stylistic analysis began with Cao Pi's Dian Lun Wen. He divided the stylistic style into four branches, and pointed out their respective characteristics: elegance of reciting, principle of books, simplicity of inscription and beauty of poetry. Wen Fu further divides literary styles into ten categories, and discusses the characteristics of each category. It is particularly noteworthy that he divided poetry and fu into two categories, and pointed out the characteristics that "poetry is beautiful because of emotion, and fu is bright because of clarity". (Western Jin Dynasty) As far as the existing lost articles are concerned, Zhifu's "On Parting" deals with the 12 style, traces its origin, investigates its evolution, and lists some works for discussion, which is a step further than Cao Pi and Lu Ji. (Eastern Jin Dynasty) Li Chong's On Hanlin distinguishes style by style, which is a further discussion of style. In the Southern Dynasties, stylistic analysis was more in-depth and systematic. (Liang) Shuowen Jiezi is divided into 84 topics. Although trivial, it shows the meticulous degree of stylistic analysis. The stylistic distinction between Wen Xin Diao Long and Wen Xuan is not only systematic, but also deeply discussed. The first part of Wen Xin Diao Long mainly discusses the style, which is divided into 33 categories. His preface said: "Originally, it was based on the end of the table, the name was interpreted by Zhang Yi, the text was selected to determine the text, and the reason was used to unify. "Trace the origin of each style, describe its evolution, explain the meaning of its name, and give examples. Selected Works is a collection of literature compiled by style. Of course, there is a detailed analysis of style, which will be mentioned later. If there is only one confused literary concept and we can't distinguish it, it can't be regarded as a conscious understanding of literature, so stylistic analysis is an important symbol of literary consciousness. The third is the conscious pursuit of literary aesthetic characteristics. Without the characteristics of critical beauty, literature cannot be literature. The so-called literary consciousness is ultimately manifested in the conscious pursuit of aesthetic characteristics. As mentioned above, the beauty of "poetic rhyme", "poetic sentiment" and "expressive beauty" are already aesthetic pursuits. During the Southern Dynasties, the discovery of the four tones and their application in poetry, coupled with the emphasis on the dual use of things, proved that they had a more conscious pursuit of the formal beauty of language, which had an extremely important impact on the development of China literature, including poetry, parallel prose, ci and qu. "Wen Xin Diao Long" discusses the artistic characteristics of literary works in a large amount of space, involving emotion, temperament, kind words, comparison, exaggeration, calligraphy and many other aspects, and is a symbol of literary consciousness.
At the end of the Han Dynasty, under the system of inspection and evaluation, the evaluation of the hard-working townships was popular among the gentry. So Xu Shao and his brother Xu Jing, "both have high surnames, and they are good at judging the figures of the township party. They should be named more every month, so the custom of Runan has monthly comments." In addition, Mrs. Guo is also famous for knowing people and being good at their duties. After Wei Wendi Cao Pi carried out the nine-product system, people's goods evaluation became more prosperous. (Wei) Liu Xie's "People's Tales" summed up the theories and methods of knowing people, paid special attention to people's materials, and formed the theory of talents. In Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu (Song Dynasty), there are many vivid examples of people's comments, such as Shi Jian, Appreciation, Zao Taste and Rong Zhi. At the end of the Han Dynasty, people's evaluation often had the meaning of predicting success or failure, emphasizing the identification of talents and the promotion of Toshihiko, so the focus of evaluation was politics and morality. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, there appeared a new trend in character evaluation, that is, in addition to prophetic, political and moral comments, many aesthetic elements were added, and the already famous characters were evaluated by image language and figurative symbols. For example, these titles in Shi Shuo Xin Yu: "Gongsun Du Yuan:' The so-called white crane in the cloud is outside the sparrow net. Wang: "The high posture of autumn, like a Yao tree, is naturally a foreign object. ""(Appreciating fame) "The humanity at that time was Ruan Siguang:' The backbone is not as good as the right army, the simplicity is not as long as the truth, the youth is not as good as the middle ancestor, and the thought is not as deep as the source, but it has the beauty of all people. ""("Tasting Algae") "Some people sigh that the princes are brilliant and talented, and the cloud says,' Like a willow in spring. (Rong Zhi) The common aesthetic concepts of the headline characters in Shi Shuo Xin Yu are: emotion, spirit, lang, reason, expressiveness, elegance, communication, simplicity, truth, length, monarch, vastness, yuan, height, spirit, emptiness, escape and transcendence, among which the most common ones are: truth, spirit and lang. There are many natural images used as metaphors, such as Qianzhangsong, Songleeward, Yushu, Yushan, White Crane in the Cloud, Yunjin in Yue Long and Chaoyang in Feng Ming. The prosperity of character aesthetics has played a catalytic role in literary aesthetics. Some categories of literary aesthetics come from people's aesthetics, such as character, character, spirit, purity, clarity, sublimity, passion and talent. The division of people's logistics products also directly affects literary criticism, as evidenced by Zhong Rong's poems, Yu Jianwu's books and Sheikh's Record of Ancient Paintings.
The appearance of Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long marks the establishment of a complete system of China's literary theory and literary criticism. There are 50 articles in Wen Xin Diao Long, including 5 general comments, 20 stylistic comments, 9 creative comments/kloc-0 and 5 critical comments. The last preface is the preface of this book. Its content is profound and profound, and its main contributions are as follows: First, it discusses the external causes and internal laws of literary development. As for the external reasons, it is believed that "literary changes are influenced by the world and rise and fall in time sequence." (time series) links the changes of literature with the rise and fall of social customs and politics. As for the internal law, it can be summarized as "communication" and "change" ("communication"), that is, the interaction between inheritance and innovation. In Poems of the Ming Dynasty, Liu Xie discussed the evolution of some styles in the past dynasties, while Cailu commented on writers in the past dynasties. These discourses have become an important reference for future generations to study the history of literature, and they still have irreplaceable reference value. 2. Summarized many valuable literary creation experiences, revealed the mystery of creative activities, and formed a creative theory with China characteristics. On the theory of creation, Lu Ji made an in-depth discussion in Wen Fu, especially describing the process of galloping imagination, capturing images and exerting originality to achieve "meaning is thing". The creative theory of Wen Xin Diao Long is the essence of the book. There are many incisive generalizations in the book, such as thinking in images, artistic imagination, artistic style and artistic conception, which have high theoretical value.
Compilation is the natural result of stylistic analysis. Xiao Tong's Selected Works is the earliest extant collection of literature. Shan Li annotated 60 volumes of Selected Works, and selected the works of *** 130 people from pre-Qin to Liang Dynasty, as well as three ancient Yuefu poems and 19 ancient poems, totaling more than 700 pieces. The arrangement method of this book is to divide the style into 37 categories, such as Fu, Poetry, Sao, Strange, Zhao, Shu, Ling, Teaching and Wen, and then divide it into several subcategories according to the subject matter, such as Fu and many others. Among them, poems account for nearly 13 volumes, and there are ***33 4 poems, which are the most in all kinds. From the poems selected by Xiao Tong, we can see that he is tolerant. The three poets he chose the most were: 52 poems by Lu Ji, 40 poems by Xie Lingyun and 3 1 poem by Jiang Yan. From today's point of view, they are not necessarily the best. Xiao Tong's vision is not first-class in naming first-class poets; However, he has a great eye for praising outstanding poets who have been neglected, such as Tao Yuanming and Bao Zhao. Tao Yuanming was selected for 8 songs and Bao Zhao was selected for 18 songs. Their lofty position in Selected Works shows that Xiao Tong is a literary critic. The Selected Works has won wide attention from scholars since the Tang Dynasty, and gradually formed the Selected Works, which deserves attention in the history of literature and philology.
From the literary theories and literary criticism works in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, we can see a new literary trend of thought, which is to distinguish literature from scholarship, and then explore the characteristics of literature, the classification of literature itself, the law of literary creation and the value of literature. Confucian poetry in the Han Dynasty is dominant, emphasizing the relationship between poetry and political education. Poetry is regarded as a tool for "being a wife, filial piety, love, educating beauty and changing customs" (Preface to Poetry). As for the characteristics and laws of poetry itself, it has not attracted due attention. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, poetics got rid of the shackles of Confucian classics, and the direction of the whole literary trend of thought was to get rid of the need of political education emphasized by Confucianism and find the significance of independent existence of literature. At this time, some brand-new concepts and theories are put forward, such as style, verve, image, the relationship between words and meaning, and the relationship between form and spirit. , formed the aesthetic thought of emphasizing image, style and charm. Poetry seeks meaning, pleasure seeks meaning, and painting seeks interest outside the image. This conscious aesthetic pursuit of communication among various literary forms marks the arrival of a new literary era.
The literary creation of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was carried out under the influence of this new literary trend of thought, which also provided a practical basis for this literary trend of thought. A remarkable feature of literary creation in this period is that the demand for serving political education has weakened, and literature has become a personal behavior, expressing personal life experiences and feelings. It is a very representative change from the big fu in Han Dynasty to the small lyric fu in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Five-character ancient poems flourished in the late Han Dynasty, and the literati's personal lyric work Nineteen Ancient Poems was regarded as a standard by later generations. After that, Cao Zhi, RoyceWong, Liu Zhen, Ruan Ji, Lu Ji, Zuo Si, Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun, Bao Zhao, Xie Tiao and Yu Xin all chose different themes and styles, but they all embarked on the road of personal lyricism, and their creation was also a personal act. Some of these political lyric poems express grievances in political life and have no purpose of political education. As for Liang Chengong's poems, although they were written by court literati, they were only used for court entertainment. The direction of the poet's efforts lies in the formal beauty of poetry, that is, language skills such as temperament, duality and practicality, as well as the perfection of meter. It is under this trend that China's ancient poems have been perfected, and new poems have been formed, which has prepared for the emergence of modern poems in all aspects. Tang poetry reached its peak on this basis.
China people's fate and literati fashion in turmoil.
Fate medicine and wine: the theme of life and death, the theme of seeking immortality and the theme of seclusion.
It may be an exaggeration to call the whole Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties troubled times. The Battle of the Late Han Dynasty, the Battle of the Three Kingdoms, the "Eight Kings Rebellion" that occurred shortly after the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty, the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty and the eastward movement of the Jin Dynasty, the scuffle of sixteen northern countries, the insurrection of Wang Dun and Huan Xuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south, the struggle brought about by the successive changes of the Northern Qi Dynasty, the struggle brought about by the Northern Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties, the Southern Song Dynasty, the Qi, Liang and Chen Dynasties, and Hou Jing in the late Liang Dynasty. War and division became the characteristics of this period. The war has killed many people. Famine, plague, mass migration, I do not know how many people lost their lives. This situation can be confirmed in literary works. Cao Cao's Hao Li Xing said: "Bones are exposed in the wild, but there are no crows in a thousand miles. There are hundreds of people who have left a legacy, and their thoughts are broken. " "There are no crows in a thousand miles" tells the desolation of human population, and "keeping people in a hundred miles" tells the sharp decline of population. The fourth part of Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden says: "Wandering between mountains and ridges, I don't want to live in the past. There are remnants in the well, and the mulberry and bamboo rot. Ask people who get paid, this person is different. The wage earners told me that there was no rest after death. "Write about the extinction of the whole village.
The literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is a typical literature in troubled times. Writers should not only adapt to the war, but also adapt to the change of dynasties. It is common for a person to belong to two or even three dynasties. Sensitive writers are most likely to feel the shortness of life, the fragility of life, the unpredictability of fate, the impermanence of fate and the sense of personal powerlessness in the war, thus forming the tragic tone of literature and the release as compensation for the tragic tone, which is often manifested in eating and drinking, indulging in debauchery.
This tragic tone is political, because of the political situation of literati. Many literati were inexplicably involved in political struggles and killed, such as Kong Rong, Yang Xiu, Mi Fei, Rockett, Ji Kang, Lu Ji, Lu Yun, Zhang Hua, Pan Yue, Shi Chong, Ouyang Jian, Sun Zheng, Ji Shao, Qian Xiu, Guo Pu, Xie Hun, Xie Lingyun, Ye Fan, Yuan Shu and Bao Zhao. Du Yu, Zhiyu, Zhao Song, ieee fellow, Liu Kun, Lu Chen and others died in the war at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty.
In this case, literary creation will naturally form some similar themes, which are the themes of life and death.