Teaching objectives:
1. can distinguish eight commonly used rhetorical devices and be familiar with their functions.
2. Expand the understanding of eight supplementary rhetorical devices and perceive the expressive effect.
Teaching emphasis: master eight common rhetorical devices.
Teaching difficulty: experiencing the expressive effect of rhetorical devices.
Teaching process: 3 hours.
first kind
Eight common rhetorical devices:
First, metaphor
1. Metaphor is metaphor, which consists of ontology, vehicle and figurative words. The thing to be compared is called ontology, the thing to be compared is called metaphor, and the word connecting the two is called metaphor.
For example, in the figurative sentence "Leaves rise high like elegant dancers' skirts", "Leaves" is the noumenon, "dancers' skirts" is the metaphor, and "image" is the figurative word.
1.
First, make esoteric truth easy to understand and deepen people's taste; The second is to make abstract things concrete and easy to accept; The third is to visualize the summary and give a vivid impression.
3. Basic types of metaphor
(1) Simile: Ontology and vehicle both appear, and there are metaphors such as "image, image, image, like, image, general, image" in the middle.
For example, these copybooks are hung on the irons of our desks, just like many small national flags flying in the classroom.
(2) Metaphor: both ontology and vehicle appear, and metaphors such as "yes, change, change, etc." are used.
The thick green scenery is simply a picture of green mountains and green waters.
(2) There is a big braid overhead, so that the top of the hat made by students rises high to form a Mount Fuji.
(3) Metonymy: the ontology does not appear, or does not appear in this sentence, but directly replaces the ontology with a vehicle.
For example, strong winds tightly lift layers of huge waves and violently throw them on the cliffs, smashing these large jadeites into dust and dust. I seem to have a cold shiver; I know there is a deep barrier between us.
Second, comparison.
Analogy includes personification and imitation.
1. personification is to write things as adults, and rich things are based on people's actions or thoughts and feelings. For example:
Peach trees, apricot trees and pear trees are all in full bloom, and you won't let me or I won't let you. (Zhu Ziqing, "Spring")
Oil flies hum here and crickets play the piano here. (Lu Xun's "From Herbal Garden to San Tan Yin Yue")
This circle of hills is particularly lovely in winter, as if Jinan were put in a small cradle. They whispered, "Don't worry, it will be warm here." (Winter in Jinan by Lao She)
2. Imitation is to write people as crops, to make people have the action or modality of things, or to write things as things to express a strong love-hate relationship. For example:
By the time I got outside my house, my mother had already greeted me, and then my eight-year-old nephew Honger flew out.
He failed countless times. He is not discouraged. He summed up the lessons of failure, connected the failures in series and welded them into nylon ropes and metal ladders for mountaineering. (Xu Chi's Goldbach conjecture)
3. The rhetorical effect of metaphor can express the author's strong love and hate, make the narrative vivid, strengthen the artistic appeal of the article, and describe abstract things vividly.
Third, parallelism.
1. The rhetorical device of arranging three or more phrases, sentences or paragraphs with the same or similar structure, consistent tone and related content together to enhance the content and language potential is called parallelism.
Sit down, lie down, roll twice, kick some balls, and Searle runs to catch some giant puzzles.
The mountains moistened, the water rose and the sun blushed.
2. Rhetorical effect of parallelism
Parallelism can enhance language potential and improve expression effect. Parallelism is often used for reasoning or lyricism. Using parallelism to explain reason can explain the argument more closely and thoroughly, and using parallelism to express feelings can express feelings incisively and vividly.
Fourth, duality.
1. (Grammar) Two phrases or sentences with the same structure or basically the same number of words and closely related meanings are arranged symmetrically. This rhetorical device is called duality. For example, frown at thousands of people and bow your head as a willing ox. Duality can be divided into wide pair and strict pair. There are right, wrong and string right.
(1) Duality: A dual form in which the upper and lower sentences are similar in meaning, or complementary and commensurate. Such as: reed on the wall, top-heavy, shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.
Objection: the dual form of the opposite or opposite meanings of the upper and lower sentences. Such as: the benefits are not great, and the losses are full.
(3) String pair (stream pair): The meaning of the upper and lower sentences has a dual relationship of inheritance, progression, causality, hypothesis and condition. Such as drinking Changsha water and eating Wuchang fish.
2. The rhetorical effect of duality. From the formal point of view: neat and symmetrical, strong sense of rhythm, beautiful rhyme; From the content: highly summarized, concise and easy to remember.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) exaggeration
1. exaggeration is a rhetorical device, which deliberately exaggerates, enlarges, narrows or guides the description of objective people or things in order to emphasize or highlight some characteristics of people or things. Some idioms in Li Bai's "Looking at Lushan Waterfall", "Qiupu Song" and "Sleeping in the Mountain Temple" also contain exaggerated meanings: sweating like rain, shaking the earth, and a close call. There are more exaggerated sentences in the article, such as:
I have been running from the country to the city for six years.
The classroom is so quiet that you can hear the sound of the needle falling to the ground.
2. Use exaggerated purposes.
It profoundly shows the author's distinct emotional attitude towards things and causes readers to scream strongly. Rendering the image of things can arouse people's rich imagination and help highlight the essence and characteristics of things.
Six, repeatedly
1. Repetition is a rhetorical device that deliberately uses certain words, sentences or paragraphs to emphasize a certain meaning and highlight a certain emotion.
2. Several types of repetitive rhetoric
(1) Continuous repetition: the same word or sentence appears continuously without interval. Looking forward to, looking forward to, the east wind is coming, and the pace of spring is approaching. (2) for crossing the river, crossing the river, started the beach gull heron.
(2) Repetition interval: the same word or sentence appears discontinuously, with other words or sentences in the middle.
For example, there is no bound space. (2) virtuous zai back also, a dish a gourd ladle drink, in the mean lane, people can't bear to worry, don't change the fun. Xian zai hui also.
Seven, ask questions
1. Asking questions means asking and answering questions, attracting attention and inspiring thinking. For example: ① What is self-discipline? Self-discipline is to control your own behavior. (2) Who is this person? It was none other than Daming.
2. In addition to attracting attention, it can also inspire readers to think and strengthen the ideas that the author wants to express.
Eight, rhetorical questions
1. A rhetorical question is to express a positive view in a question. On the surface, rhetorical questions appear in the form of questions, but in fact they express affirmative meaning, and the answer lies in the questions. How can you not take notes?
2. Strong tone of action and irrefutable power; Can stimulate the feelings of readers and leave a deep impression on people.
Eight Rhetoric Techniques and Their Works
kind
function
example sentence
Functional analysis
Metaphor: A rhetorical device that uses concrete and common things, situations or reasons to compare abstract and unfamiliar things, situations or reasons.
It can make language vivid and make abstract things concrete and vivid.
The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow.
Compared with the shape of rainbow, the hole of stone arch bridge vividly writes out the morphological characteristics of the beauty of stone arch bridge, which arouses people's beautiful association.
Personification: a rhetorical method of personifying things, personifying things, and writing them into the same feelings and behaviors as people.
Enhance the intimacy and vividness of language, make readers feel lifelike, and often have a very distinct emotional color.
Peach trees, apricot trees and pear trees are all in full bloom, and you won't let me or I won't let you.
With anthropomorphic rhetoric, the lively scenes of spring flowers blooming and peaches and plums competing for spring are written, which makes readers feel cordial and vivid.
Exaggeration: a rhetorical method that vividly describes the image, characteristics, function and degree of things with rich imagination in order to outline the outline of things more prominently and clearly.
It can enhance the image of language, highlight the characteristics of things or play a positive role in enhancing readers' subjective feelings, attitudes and understanding of the author.
When the river rises and falls, it loses momentum.
It vividly describes the freezing speed of the Yellow River and highlights the severe cold in the north.
Parallelism: a rhetorical method of arranging three or more sentences or phrases with closely related contents, basically the same structure or similar tone to express similar or related meanings.
It is convenient to express complex content more intensively and thoroughly, with strong feelings, so that the momentum is coherent and smooth, the form is neat and the syllables are loud.
He can't look up, open his eyes, breathe or walk.
It depicts Xiangzi's feeling of pulling a rickshaw in a storm, and renders Xiangzi's pain and helplessness in a harsh environment, giving readers an immersive feeling.
Duality: a rhetorical device that uses a pair of phrases or sentences with the same structure, equal words and related contents to express two opposite or similar meanings.
The sentence pattern is neat, the form is beautiful, the words are concise, the phonology is harmonious, the rhythm is clear, and it is catchy to read.
(Hope) There are only a lot of people inside and outside the Great Wall; When the river rises and falls, it loses momentum.
Described the magnificent scenery covered with snow and ice in northern China in winter. The timbre is sonorous and the rhythm is bright, which further enhances the expressive force.
Repetition: a rhetorical device that makes the same word or sentence appear repeatedly according to the need of expression. Include continuous iteration and interval iteration.
You can emphasize something, express continuous feelings or emphasize tone and highlight feelings.
Looking forward to, looking forward to, the east wind is coming, and the pace of spring is approaching.
The phrase "looking forward to" is repeated repeatedly, expressing the love for spring and the eagerness to look forward to the early arrival of spring.
A rhetorical device that asks questions first and then expresses one's views.
It can highlight the key points of the article, enhance the language momentum, attract readers' attention, make people think deeply and contribute to better lyric reasoning.
Who is that proud man riding on two horses? It was the eunuchs in the palace and eunuchs who did it.
This rhetorical question highlights the arrogance of the eunuchs who came to Miyagi.
Rhetorical question: expressing definite meaning in the form of a question to strengthen the tone, characterized by expressing negative content in a positive tone; Express positive content in a negative tone.
There is no doubt that enhancing the language momentum can enhance the definite meaning, which is strong in language sense and infectious.
Don't you think our soldiers are cute? Aren't you proud that our motherland has such a hero?
After describing the heroic deeds of volunteer soldiers, I use these two rhetorical questions to express my feelings and praise the heroic behavior of volunteer soldiers. Use a negative tone to express positive content and stimulate readers to think deeply.
In addition to the above eight figures of speech, we need to expand and supplement eight kinds of figures of speech, which we will encounter and experience in reading, so as to improve our reading appreciation ability. Such as thimble, loop, intertextuality, contrast, synaesthesia, foil, metonymy, pun, etc.
1. Metonymy replaces ontology with borrowing. Instead of directly talking about people or things to be expressed, we can replace them with related things, with parts instead of the whole, with features instead of noumenon, and with proper names instead of generic names. Read Lu Xun, running in the street wearing a red scarf, I bought a Konka, and my beard is growling. Function ① vivid and outstanding, such as: that pair of suits and ties came slowly from the front. Concise, for example, there are two people sitting on a bench in the park, a "jacket" and a "suit". Flexible, not rigid, giving people a sense of humor, for example, from his grandfather to him, three generations have never pinched the handle of a hoe.
2. In order to highlight the main things, use similar things or negative and different things as foil. This rhetorical device is called foil. Using the method of setting off can highlight the subject, or render it vivid and give people a deep feeling. As the saying goes, "Good flowers are called green leaves." As the saying goes, Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun. Contrast: He is very young and very quality.
3. Contrast is a metaphor, which compares two different things or two aspects of the same thing together. For example, some people are alive but dead; Some people died, but he is still alive. The application of contrast can make the expression of the objective relationship of unity of opposites more concentrated and prominent. Comparison of two bodies: someone is riding on the people's head: "Oh, how great I am!" " "Some people bend down to do cattle and horses for the people. One body and two sides contrast: time is the wealth of the diligent and the treasure house of the creator; Time is the burden of the lazy and the grave of the waster.
4. Synaesthesia, also known as telepathy, is to use the language of images to convey feelings when describing objective things, and to communicate, stagger, shift and transform people's different feelings such as hearing, sight, smell, taste and touch, so as to make the image more vivid and novel. The breeze blew, with a faint fragrance, like a faint song coming from a distant building. ② The moonlight in the lotus pond is uneven; But light and shadow have a harmonious melody, such as a famous song played on Van Aling. (Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond)
5. Puns use phonetic or semantic conditions to intentionally make a sentence care about both the superficial meaning and the internal meaning, where the word refers to another. This figure of speech is called pun. It is what we usually call "there is something in the words." The function is to make the language humorous, vivid and expressive. Homophonic pun: wearing a skirt in winter-beautiful and moving, the backbone of Zhu Bajie-incompetent people; Semantic pun: new business starts from scratch, and the old phenomenon is leveled (barber shop advertisement); Grammatical pun: some ambiguous sentences have made another charm; Situation pun: a gentleman talks but doesn't do it.
6. There really is a writing thimble, also called Lian Lian and Julian. Using the words at the end of the last sentence as the beginning of the next sentence, so that the end is connected, this figure of speech is called top truth. Yan was filled with joy when she saw the land, the river on the land, the wet irrigated land on both sides of the river, and the reeds with green branches and leaves growing on the irrigated land. (Liang Bin's Red Flag Spectrum)
7. Cycle organizes the front and back sentences into a reciprocating form to express the organic connection between different things. This metaphor is called cycle. Ah ah, the more money you have, the less willing you are to relax. The more you refuse to relax, the richer you will be ... (Lu Xun's hometown)
8. Intertextuality means that in two phrases or sentences, the semantics must be complementary and pieced together into a complete meaning, that is, "what is referred to and what is seen." For example, the bright moon in Qin dynasty, the retreat in Han dynasty, and the people of the Long March did not return; The general died in a hundred battles, and the strong man returned in ten years; Fight in the south of the city, die in the north, die in the wild and have no burial to eat. It is widely used in ancient poetry, as well as in modern Chinese: these people like Zhang Jiachang and Li …