How many poets in past dynasties! However, Du Fu is the only one who has been studied more about his poetic skills or realistic spirit by later generations.
For example, Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen in the middle Tang Dynasty launched the "New Yuefu" movement with Du Fu's realism as the direction; Pi Rixiu, Nie, Du Xunhe and others in the late Tang Dynasty continued to advance on the road of realism. Han Yu, Li Shangyin and others imitate Du Fu in writing techniques. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian, Chen Shidao and others founded "Jiangxi Poetry School", and even respected Du Fu as the ancestor of Jiangxi Poetry School, learning from the strange style of Du Fu's poetry. Wang Anshi, Lu You, Wen Tianxiang and Yuan Haowen in Jin Dynasty, Li Mengyang in Ming Dynasty, Du Jun, Qu Dajun and Shen Deqian in Qing Dynasty all learned from Du Fu in different ways.
Why do so many people learn from Du Fu? How did the charm of his poems come into being? Before answering this question, we need to recall the style characteristics of Li Bai's and Du Fu's poems.
It is generally believed that Li Bai's poems are fresh and lively, heroic and magnificent, while Du Fu is depressed and frustrated. Li Bai once wrote this sentence when praising other people's poems: "Clear water produces hibiscus, natural carving". Describing his poetic style in Cheng Biao, Du Fu wrote: "As for depression and frustration, he is always eager for quick success and instant benefit, and Yang Xiong and Gao Mei can reach him. "People agree that what they say is just a summary of their own poetic characteristics. It can be seen that the answers to questions in poetry are often in poetry. Inspired by this, can we discover the secret of Du Fu's writing through some "clues" in his poems? The answer is yes. Through research, we find that Du Fu's poetry creation has gone through three stages:
Du Shenyan, Du Fu's grandfather, was a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty and one of the "Four Friends of Articles" in Tang Zhongzong's period. As a teenager, Du Fu, influenced by his family and endowed with unique reading conditions, soon showed amazing talent for writing poems. Du Fu once said in his poem, "Reading thousands of books". In fact, it is not only that he reads a lot, but also that he is showing off his family's collection. As we all know, books were not widely printed until Shen Kuo invented movable type printing in the Northern Song Dynasty. Before that, books were quite scarce, and families with better families did not necessarily have many books. The implication of Du Fu's "breaking ten thousand volumes" is that he has at least thousands of books at home. At that time, it was definitely a precious wealth that many scholars dreamed of and could not reach.
This is how the young Du Fu grew up in the sea of books, with extensive knowledge and solid foundation. Du Fu once recalled in his poem Zhuang You: "In the past 14 or 15 years, I wandered in the field of calligraphy. Sven Cui Wei is like a believer, treating me like Bunyan. " It means that he made his mark in the literary world when he was fourteen or fifteen. Even the famous Cui Shang, Wei Qixin and others praised him as talented as Ban Gu and Yang Xiong. Of course, this is inseparable from his family's possession of thousands of books.
Du Fu, who is reading all kinds of books, boasts profound knowledge on the one hand, saying that "the poems of my ancestors are the best in the past" and "poems belong to my family"-writing poems is a common thing for me. On the one hand, he is very conceited. He can "encourage the enemy and establish relations with his children." Li Yong seeks knowledge, and William Wang is willing to be a neighbor "—— Li Yong, who is famous for knowing people, wants to meet me, and William Wang (who once wrote," Drunk in the battlefield does not laugh, but has fought many wars since ancient times ") wants to be a neighbor with me. In official career, it is necessary to be "loyal to the monarch and then change the customs"-this is what the prime minister was qualified to do at that time!
In the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, it is understandable that young Du Fu had such momentum. At that time, everyone in the Tang Dynasty had a sense of pride, even arrogance, which was a reflection of the weather and spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
In a word, Du Fu, a teenager, has a profound family background and extensive reading, which laid a solid foundation for becoming a literary master in the future. Looking at the full affirmation of Du Fu by the famous scribes at that time is enough to prove that Du Fu's knowledge accumulation is quite amazing.
Extensive knowledge accumulation is only the foundation. If you want to excel in Tang poetry, you need to polish your poetic skills carefully. After all, a talented poet like Li Bai can only be unique. Fortunately, this problem is not a problem for Du Fu at all. He naturally likes to ponder over words, and he has a kind of persistence of "neither crazy nor alive". He will never give up until the words are amazing. Pu Songling, a novelist in the Qing Dynasty, put it well: "If you are infatuated with sex, you are determined to win. Therefore, people who are obsessed with books must work hard, and people who are obsessed with art must have good skills. " Because I am almost obsessed, I can concentrate on perfection and have amazing works.
Let's take a look at Du Fu's classic sentence: "The window contains thousands of autumn snows in Xiling". Through a small window, we can see the snow all year round on Xiling. What a delicate and realistic picture; "With my hundred years of sorrow, I climbed this height alone" and the great loneliness of Chen Ziang's "I want heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, my tear drops is coming" came to me; "Where petals flow like tears" and "A letter from home is worth a thousand pounds of gold" are passionate and reach people's hearts; "The silence of the night is like a sob", which gives people a feeling of lingering sound and constant sorrow; "They run after you, crying, they pull your sleeve, and their sad voices are on the clouds", and the scene of separation of life and death is just around the corner; And "I am old, weak, sick and lonely", "The Milky Way has crossed three mountains" and "She has now become a green grave in the dusk" and so on, which can not be written by letter, but more is the result of repeated thinking and polishing. Judging from the quantity and quality of Du Fu's poems, we can know that Du Fu's poems have basically reached the realm of "never leaving his hand, never leaving his mouth".
In particular, no one likes and suits this genre better than Du Fu. I always thought that the Seven Rhymes was a genre tailored for Du Fu, and the combination of them was a perfect match. Originally, writing seven laws took more effort than writing quatrains because of the relationship between level and confrontation. However, it seems that there is no painstaking effort to look at the tension emitted by Du Fu's Seven Laws, only a kind of nature and full of love. Only when you are immersed in such a happy mood and fun can you write such a poem that is almost natural.
For example, "Cong Ju's two flowers shed tears every other day, alone in the boat, and the boat is the heart of hometown", "Spring grass dyes the steps, and birds sing happily under the leaves", "Silk River with bright spring is floating between heaven and earth, like a cloud of jade peaks, from ancient times to the present", "Leaves fall like waterfall foam, but I always watch the long river roll forward" and "Brothers in the sea are separated, and tears flow thousands of miles". ...
The Seven Laws are to Du Fu what Tian Fang painted halberds to Lu Bu and the Dragon Crescent Moon Knife to Guan Yu. What you get from your heart should be in your hand, between square inches, and you can write freely; Tossing and turning, let it be.
A writer who only emphasizes writing skills can't be everyone, because his works lack shock. And this power can only come from the creator's own heart. If not, it will always itch. The source of this power is not magic, but a person's experience. It's hard to know what's going on! You can't write true feelings without incorporating them.
The emergence of a generation of "poets" is no accident, and history can always create all kinds of incredible miracles.
Originally, judging from Du Fu's family background and boyhood ambition, he would be a promising young man who would achieve something and reach the top. Unexpectedly, with the sudden change of history, the whole Tang Dynasty was teetering under the impact of the "An Shi Rebellion", so this young man who was born in a scholarly family and read a lot of classics began to "derail" under the sweeping of historical winds.
The "Anshi Rebellion" was not without reason-the emperor took the lead in extravagance and lewdness, and both prime ministers were traitors (Li and Yang). How can the world be chaotic? Du Fu's repeated exams were suppressed by power rape and failed. In fact, at this time, the trajectory of history has begun to deviate. Unfortunately, who can foresee it?
The right-wing traitor didn't know that his death was coming, but Du Fu didn't know that Pandora's box, which had suffered all his life, was opened-he was frustrated in Chang 'an for ten years and lived a life of begging; "The children in the village are all successful, and the imperial court is too old to have manners", which has been given a cold shoulder by the world. Du Fu, 40, finally got a small official who was not satisfied with himself, but had to make do because of life.
Just when Du Fu was 40 years old, he went back to his hometown (Fengxian, now Pucheng, Shaanxi) to visit relatives and found his youngest son starved to death. Then, "An Shi Rebellion" broke out. Du Fu moved from Fengxian to Zhangzhou (now Fu County, Yan 'an, Shaanxi Province), and then went north alone to find Su Zong. He was arrested by the rebels and taken to Chang 'an. Taking advantage of the war, he ventured to Fengxiang (now Baoji, Shaanxi), where he was appointed as an official to collect. Soon, because of saving the house, Su Zong was angered and was demoted to join the army as the fourth public of Huazhou; He resigned and moved to Qin Zhou (now Tianshui, Gansu). Less than three months later, he crossed the Shu Road and moved to Chengdu in early winter, becoming the shogunate of Chengdu Yin. ...
Young and successful, middle-aged poor, supercilious look, cold reception, being suppressed, hunger, war, falling into the hands of thieves, venturing to flee, fleeing many times, starving relatives, crossing the Shu Road in winter, being a shogunate, sick and lonely. ...
Suffering life is profound. Rich experience injected soul into Du Fu's poems.
Qiu said Du Fu in "A Detailed Interpretation of Du Fu's Poems": "Young people deliberately seek jobs, while old people gradually become familiar with their poems, but they can give them at will without worrying about flowers and birds." Seriously! In the past, you had to think carefully when writing poems, but now the words of blood and tears are regrettable. Why pay attention to flowers and birds again?
In the late Qing Dynasty, Guo Zengxin said when reading Du Fu's notes: "The so-called rambling is just following the scenery without cooking. It's a true poem. " Yes, take a look at the present scene, and the sad past will come to mind one after another, and the bleak future will come to mind. Love at first sight is the easiest way to express feelings, and any material is no longer needed-one's own history of blood and tears is the most abundant material library. Du Fu in his later years was like a master. "Flying flowers can hurt people by picking leaves"-Wandering is a good poem. However, the material of these works is their own blood and tears, and the injured people are themselves.
The road to becoming a poet is based on rich primitive accumulation, supported by meticulous skill polishing and based on rich life experience.
The hard road to holiness, right?