Details of handwritten newspaper in Putonghua

In daily study, work and life, many people have been exposed to some classic handwritten newspapers. The layout design and beautification design of handwritten newspapers should also focus on the theme, and determine the seriousness and vividness of the form according to the theme and article content, so as to achieve the unity of form and content. What is the widely used handwritten newspaper? The following is the detailed content of the Mandarin handwritten newspaper I compiled. Welcome to read the collection.

Phonetic characteristics of Putonghua

Compared with the phonology of other places, the common phonology of Chinese is relatively simple, and its initials, finals and tones are generally less than those of other dialects, so it is easier to master.

The phonetic features of Putonghua are: the initial consonants have no voiced sound except the fricative R, nasal N, M and side sound L behind the tip of the tongue, the vowels are polyphonic, and the nasal vowels are divided into front and back. In addition, Putonghua has no voiced opposition of initials, no entering tone, and a combined flow of sharp sounds (regardless of the sharp sound group), with few tones and simple modes. In addition, there are soft voices and rhymes.

Compared with Indo-European languages, the pronunciation of Putonghua has distinct characteristics:

1, with simple syllable structure and loud voice. In Putonghua, there are only four phonemes in a syllable, among which the vowel is the main one, which is an indispensable component in general syllables. A syllable can have several vowels (up to three), such as Huai (bad). Mandarin syllables have no consonants, that is, there is no lightning like English. The phenomenon that several consonants such as встреча (meet) are connected together in Russian.

2. Clear syllables and strong sense of rhythm. Chinese syllables are generally composed of initials, finals and tones. The initials come first, the finals come last, and then a tone runs through the whole syllable, so there is an obvious syllable boundary. From the perspective of phoneme analysis, consonants and vowels appear regularly at intervals, which gives people a sense of circulation and is very convenient for syllable segmentation.

3, the tone is cadence and musical. The tone of Putonghua changes dramatically, and the distinction between high, high, turning and falling is obvious, which sounds like music.

Evolution of Putonghua

The ancients of our country attached great importance to the unity of dialects in various places, so "Ya Yan" appeared. The article Ci Hai Ya Yan said: "Ya Yan, which is called' * * * Homology' in ancient times, is symmetrical with' Dialect'." Kong Ying Da said in Wen: "Elegant words are reasonable." Yayan is the earliest ancient lingua franca in China, which is equivalent to the present Mandarin.

According to historical records, the earliest "elegant speech" in China was based on the local language of the Zhou Dynasty, and the language around Fenghao, the capital of the Zhou Dynasty (now northwest of Xi 'an) was the national elegant speech at that time. Confucius gave lectures in Shandong, and his 3,000 disciples came from all directions. Confucius lectures with elegant words. "The Analects of Confucius" Volume 7 says: "As Confucius said, poetry, books and rituals are all elegant."

After the Zhou Dynasty, with the migration of the capital, the basic dialects of Yayan were also revised, but most of them were still based on Beijing dialect. Mandarin is not authentic Chinese in ancient times, but stale Chinese.

This is because Mandarin is the official language of Manchu and the special language of Manchu rulers in Qing Dynasty.

Full of Manchu meaning. Mandarin was produced when Manchu people learned the Mandarin of Ming Dynasty from Han people in Beijing, and its pronunciation was very different from that of Ming Dynasty, because when Manchu people learned Mandarin of Ming Dynasty, due to the influence of Manchu language, they had a strong Manchu accent and their pronunciation was neither fish nor fowl. At that time, Beijingers sounded poor. At that time, Suzhou dialect was the official language of the Ming Dynasty, not Wu dialect.

At that time, when foreign missionaries entered Beijing, they recorded the pinyin of the Ming Dynasty Mandarin spoken by Beijingers, which is a typical feature of Wu dialect.

Linguistic experts have verified that the official language of the Ming Dynasty was Wu dialect. In addition, even considering from common sense, Zhu Yuanzhang made Nanjing his capital, and he spoke Wu dialect. Of course, his son can also speak Wu. After the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing, Mandarin was still Wu, and Peking people also spoke Wu at that time. Mandarin was born out of Wu dialect, the official dialect of Ming Dynasty, but it was different from Wu dialect after it was spoken in Manchu.

Because Manchu is the ruler, through the power of political power, Manchu Mandarin, which was originally used only for Manchu, was popularized and spread throughout the country, and was later called Mandarin or Mandarin. Therefore, Putonghua is Chinese after Manchu transformation. It was invented by Manchu people.

In southern Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and other provinces, because the sky is high and the emperor is far away, ancient Chinese is well preserved and has not been eliminated by Manchu Mandarin. So now southerners are still speaking ancient authentic Chinese before the Ming Dynasty, while northerners are actually called bird language, which is a sign of ignorance. Tang poetry and Song poetry are read in bird language in the south, which is very smooth and rhymes well, but there are problems in reading in Mandarin. Because poets in Tang and Song Dynasties and poets can't speak Mandarin. They speak ancient Chinese. Same as, similar to or similar to the southern bird language.

The history of Mandarin is only 400 years. There was no such thing as "Mandarin" in China 400 years ago. Now Mandarin is the special Chinese for Manchu! It was invented by Manchu people. Deeply branded with Manchu. If you don't believe me, just ask the linguist. Sun Yat-sen hated Manchu rulers and tried to use Cantonese (ancient Chinese) as the national language (Mandarin), but failed. Because Manchu Mandarin is too powerful.

Later, the government of the Republic of China voted. Mandarin has one more vote than Sichuan dialect and has become the national language. In fact, Sichuan dialect and Putonghua are languages of the same language family, only with different accents. People who can understand Mandarin can also understand Sichuan dialect.

Beijing dialect, which was Wu dialect in Ming Dynasty, was gradually influenced by Manchu. So Beijing dialect is very similar to Mandarin, but not exactly similar. They are just close to each other.

Hu Shi taught the history of Mandarin literature in the Third Mandarin Workshop of the Ministry of Education, Nankai School, Nankai University and the Fourth Mandarin Workshop of the Ministry of Education. 1927 In April, Beijing Cultural Society published the History of Chinese Literature based on Nankai mimeographed handouts. Hu Shi said, "I thought China should have pinyin characters in the future. However, there are too many monosyllables in classical Chinese, so it must not be changed into pinyin. Therefore, it is necessary to use vernacular Chinese instead of classical Chinese, and then turn vernacular Chinese into pinyin. " Hu Shi wrote "On the Literary Revolution of Construction" on 19 18, and summarized the goal of the literary revolution as "literature in national language, the national language of literature", and explained: "The literary revolution we advocate is nothing more than literature that creates a national language for China. Literature in a national language is the only literature in a national language. With the national language of literature, our national language can be regarded as a real national language. Without literature, Mandarin has no life, no value, no establishment and no development. " "The really effective and powerful Mandarin textbooks are the literature of Mandarin and the scripts of novels and poems in Mandarin. The national language used in China's future new literature will be the standard national language in the future. In other words, the only way for us to start is to create literature in vernacular Chinese. When the true beauty of vernacular literature is recognized by the society, standardized Mandarin will naturally be established. " Ministry of Education Order No.8 ordered primary school readers to "adopt common style, avoid using vernacular Chinese and pay attention to grammar." The Chinese Department of Peking University takes the essays of Hu Shi, Zhou Zuoren and Yu Pingbo and the poems of Xu Zhimo as teaching materials, which greatly promotes the New Literature Movement. After the May 4th Movement, the literary revolution and the Mandarin movement surged, and the Ministry of Education in Beijing also strongly advocated Mandarin, and the vernacular Chinese completely occupied the position of primary education.

1924, Beijing Provisional Government was established, with Zhang as Chief Justice and Minister of Education, who opposed the Mandarin Movement and New Literature, and formed a momentum of attacking the Mandarin Movement and New Literature Movement with the faction centered on Nanjing Southeast University. Qian student Wei published an article "Down with the Obstacles of Mandarin Movement" in Mandarin Weekly.

In 1928, Qian put forward the suggestion of "please organize the supplement and revision of Guoyin Dictionary". 12 In July, the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of Putonghua established the "National Phonetic Dictionary Supplement and Revision Committee". Wang pu, Qian, Wang Yi, Bai Zhenying and other six people were the drafting committee members, who revised the Guoyin Dictionary word by word and formally compiled the Guoyin Dictionary in Beiping dialect. Later, 19 13 "Speech Unification Conference" drafted the national voice and changed it to Beijing voice. 1932, The Glossary of Common National Phonetics compiled according to New National Phonetics was published by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China. In the preface of the Glossary, the meaning of taking Beijing as the national pronunciation standard is further explained, that is, the so-called standard pronunciation of modern Peiping refers to the' modern Peiping phonology' and' it is not necessary to respect the local pronunciation of every word'. 1935, the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of Putonghua was reorganized into the National Committee for the Promotion of Languages and Characters, and the comprehensive popularization and promotion of Putonghua education began. After 1932, all Putonghua broadcasts adopt the standard form of "General Glossary of Guoyin". From 65438 to 0937, China's first modern Chinese dictionary, Mandarin Dictionary, was edited by Yu and Qian and published by China Dictionary Compilation Office.

After the founding of

The word "Putonghua" appeared as early as the late Qing Dynasty. 1902, Wu Rulun, a scholar, visited Japan, and the Japanese suggested to him that China should carry out Putonghua education to unify the language. The name "Mandarin" was mentioned in the conversation. 1904, when Qiu Jin, a modern female revolutionary, was studying in Japan, she organized a "lecture liaison meeting" with students studying in Japan, and drew up a booklet, in which the name "Putonghua" appeared. 1906, Zhu, a scholar who studied word segmentation, divided Chinese into "Chinese" (classical Chinese), "Putonghua" and "common sayings" (dialects) in his book Jiangsu Xin Xin. He not only put forward the name of "Mandarin", but also gave a clear definition of "Mandarin". Later, Qu Qiubai and others also put forward the idea of "Putonghua". In 1930s, Qu Qiubai put forward in the article "War beyond the Gate of Hell" that "the task of the literary revolution is by no means limited to creating some new poems, novels and plays, but to establish a modern Mandarin accent for China." "It is customary to use modern Mandarin, a new Chinese language, in all parts of China, with modern' dialect', polyphony and ending ..." He argued with Mao Dun about the true meaning of Mandarin. Since the May 4th Movement, the status of Beijing phonetics has been established and consolidated in the vernacular movement, catchword movement and Putonghua movement.

1950 In August, the State Publishing Administration established Xinhua Dictionary Society and began to compile Xinhua Dictionary, which was edited by Qian student and director of the Chinese Department of Peking University. The phonetic notation system of Xinhua Dictionary published by 1953 is the same as that of Guoyin Dictionary, and it pays more attention to oral pronunciation than Guoyin Dictionary in terms of literary and colloquial reading.

The definition of "Putonghua" has been unclear for decades before liberation, and there are also different views. After the founding of New China, during the "National Conference on Character Reform" and the "Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese" held in June 1955, the official name of Chinese homophone was officially determined as "Putonghua", and at the same time, its definition was determined, that is, "a dialect based on Beijing dialect". 1955 10 10 On 26th October, People's Daily published an editorial entitled "Strive to Promote the Reform of Chinese Characters, Popularize Putonghua and Realize the Standardization of Chinese", which mentioned: "China people have homophones, that is, Putonghua with northern dialect as the basic dialect and Beijing accent as the standard pronunciation".

1955165438+1On 4 October, the General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army of China issued the Notice on Promoting Simplification of Chinese Characters, Popularizing Putonghua and Realizing Language Standardization in the Army. 1955165438+1October 17 The Ministry of Education issued the Instruction of People's Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of Education on Vigorously Promoting Putonghua in Primary and Secondary Schools and Normal Schools at All Levels.

1956 On February 6th, the State Council issued an instruction on the promotion of Putonghua, adding the definition of Putonghua as "taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm". This definition defines the standard of Putonghua from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. The word "Putonghua" has been widely used and has a clear connotation. The word "ordinary" in "Putonghua" has the meanings of "universal" and "* * *", so Putonghua is not used to show respect for minority languages.

Significance of popularizing Putonghua

According to the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Language, Putonghua is the national common language. Putonghua takes Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm.

Language is the most important communication tool and information carrier. In the historical process of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's modernization, vigorously promoting and actively popularizing Putonghua, which is commonly used throughout the country, is conducive to eliminating language barriers and promoting social exchanges, and is of great significance to socialist economic, political, cultural construction and social development.

With the reform and opening up and the development of socialist market economy, the demand for popularizing Putonghua is increasingly urgent. Popularizing Putonghua and creating a good language environment are conducive to promoting personnel exchanges and commodity circulation and cultivating a unified big market.

China is a populous country with many nationalities, languages and dialects. Popularizing Putonghua is conducive to promoting exchanges among all ethnic groups and regions, safeguarding national unity and enhancing the cohesion of the Chinese nation.

Language and writing ability is the basic content of cultural quality, and promoting Putonghua is an important content of quality education. Popularizing Putonghua is conducive to implementing the educational strategic policy of facing modernization, the world and the future, carrying forward the excellent traditional culture and patriotism of the motherland, and improving the scientific and cultural quality of the whole nation.

The level of information technology is one of the symbols to measure the level of science and technology in a country. Standardization of language and characters is the premise of improving the level of Chinese information processing. Popularizing Putonghua and implementing the scheme of Chinese Pinyin are conducive to promoting the development and application of Chinese information processing technology.

In short, the promotion of Putonghua is conducive to the development of China's advanced productive forces and advanced culture, in line with the fundamental interests of the people of all ethnic groups, and is a concrete action to implement Theory of Three Represents, adhere to the people-oriented principle, implement a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable Scientific Outlook on Development, and serve the building of a harmonious society and a well-off society in an all-round way.

The role of putonghua

Mandarin is the lingua franca of modern Han nationality and the common language of all ethnic groups in China. Putonghua takes Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm. It plays a very important role:

First of all, from the relationship between language and society. Politics, economy, culture, science and technology education are basic social forms, and language is the most important communication tool and information carrier in human society. It is everywhere and serves the society anytime and anywhere. Therefore, on the one hand, the application level of language in society is restricted by economy, culture, science and technology and education, on the other hand, the application level of language plays a role in promoting or involving social development. As far as the standardization of language and writing is concerned, it is a reflection of social change and a basic and leading project of social progress and development, which can promote the development of all social forms. Politically, it is conducive to safeguarding national sovereignty and dignity, to national unity, and to the smooth implementation of government decrees; Economically, it is conducive to the formation of a unified national market, the elimination of dialect barriers, and the healthy development, continuous improvement and prosperity of the market economy; Culturally, it is conducive to inheriting and carrying forward national traditional culture and enhancing national cohesion; In science and technology, it directly promotes the development of computer, communication and other information industries, and affects the application and promotion of all other high and new technologies; In education, it is conducive to cultivating high-quality talents and providing necessary human resources for social development and progress ... Therefore, language and writing work should not only keep up with the pace of social development, but also go ahead.

Secondly, from the practice since the liberation of our country and the current construction tasks and grand goals. Since liberation, the popularization of Putonghua, the implementation of Chinese Pinyin Scheme and the simplification of Chinese characters have greatly promoted the national economic development, national unity and the improvement of cultural and educational level, and also made forward-looking preparations for the application and promotion of high-tech such as Chinese information processing. In particular, the popularity and use of Chinese Pinyin greatly advanced the age when people started reading articles, which is a powerful measure to train more talents and catch up with the advanced world level. Nowadays, the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has put forward the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Specifically, the socialist market economy and commodity exchange require a large-scale flow of people, so people consciously demand to learn and use Mandarin. In order to obtain economic benefits, people consciously require the use of various efficient information means and tools, which put forward higher and higher requirements for the efficiency of computer processing Chinese information, which in turn requires people to improve the quality of language standardization. When workers improve their quality requirements, including language standardization and standardization ability, they can fight calmly and forge ahead in the storm of market economy.

Thirdly, judging from the importance of China culture to the world. China, an ancient civilization, is playing an increasingly important role in today's world peace and development. Chinese is one of the six working languages stipulated by the United Nations. The Chinese version of UN documents uses standardized Chinese characters, including simplified characters. Since the reform and opening up, China's comprehensive national strength has been rapidly enhanced, and its economic exchanges and cultural, educational, scientific and technological exchanges with other countries in the world have been continuously expanded and increased. China culture has become increasingly attractive and influential to the world. Language is the carrier of culture. Therefore, it is not only the wish of China people, but also the requirement of the people all over the world to promote the standardization of Chinese characters and improve the standardization level of Chinese characters.

The origin of putonghua

Putonghua is modern Chinese with Beijing pronunciation as the standard, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm. This was decided at 1955 National Conference on Character Reform and Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese. This definition essentially puts forward the standard of Putonghua from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar.

"Taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation" means taking the phonetic system of Beijing dialect as the standard, but it does not copy all the pronunciations of Beijing dialect. Putonghua is not equal to Beijing dialect, let alone the earliest Beijing dialect.

As far as vocabulary standards are concerned, Putonghua is "based on the northern dialect", that is, it is based on the common sayings in the vast northern dialect area, and at the same time it should absorb the required vocabulary from other dialects.

The grammatical standard of Putonghua is "taking typical modern vernacular works as grammatical norms", which includes four meanings: "model" means excluding atypical modern vernacular works as grammatical norms; "Vernacular" means excluding classical Chinese; "Modern vernacular Chinese" means rejecting the early vernacular Chinese before the May 4th Movement. "Work" refers to the written form of Putonghua, which is based on spoken language, but it is not equal to ordinary spoken language, but a processed and refined language.

A slogan for promoting Putonghua.

Speaking Mandarin well and using standardized words are the requirements of spiritual civilization construction in any primary school campus. We can know that popularizing Putonghua and standardizing the use of Chinese characters is an important language policy of the country and an important content of building socialist spiritual civilization. Therefore, it is urgent for schools to popularize Putonghua and standardize the use of Chinese characters, strengthen the construction of campus spiritual civilization and improve the language quality and comprehensive humanistic quality of teachers and students!

Write standard words and speak Mandarin well.

Speak Mandarin, write standard words, be civilized and innovate fashion.

Mandarin is universal.

Beautiful youth and charming language

The state promotes Putonghua, which is commonly used throughout the country.

Actively promote national languages and enhance the cohesion of the Chinese nation.

Love the national flag, sing the national anthem and speak Mandarin.

One voice from all over the world, unity is strength.

Mandarin: China's voice, China's feeling.

Popularize Putonghua, a cosmopolitan family.

Popularizing Putonghua for Modernization

Actively popularize Putonghua, and Qi Xin will make concerted efforts to run a well-off society.

Establish the consciousness of language norms and improve the quality of national culture

Civil servants should take the lead in promoting Putonghua.

News media should set an example in popularizing Putonghua.

Mandarin is our campus language.

I'm China Wa, and I like to speak Mandarin.

Mandarin: the bond of emotion and the bridge of communication.

Speak mandarin and welcome guests from all over the world; Send a true feeling in civilized language.

Communication-starting with Mandarin

Speaking Mandarin well is convenient for you, me and him.

Speak Mandarin, starting with me.

Speak Mandarin well and have friends all over the world.

Mandarin has brought us closer together.

Putonghua-the demand of the times and the pursuit of fashion

Putonghua-Make life more exciting and society warmer.

Mandarin goes with youth, and civilized language goes with fashion.