Antithesis: one of the expressions of the rhythm of poetry in medieval times. Antithesis is also called duality, team battle, and pairing. It puts words with similar or opposite concepts in corresponding positions to make them reflect each other, making the sentences more charming and increasing the expressiveness of the words. The confrontation is like a guard of honor in the government, facing each other. Duizhan is closely related to the parallel couplets in the Han and Wei dynasties. It can be said that they were developed from parallel puppets. Duizhan itself should also be a kind of parallel couplet. The specific content of the antithesis in metrical poetry is that firstly, the upper and lower sentences must be opposite, and secondly, the relative sentences must have the same sentence pattern and consistent syntactic structure, such as subject-predicate structure versus subject-predicate structure, partial positive structure versus partial positive structure, and narrative structure. Complementary structure is opposite to complementary structure, etc. The sentence structure of some antitheses is not necessarily the same, but the words are required to be opposite. Thirdly, the word categories (parts of speech) to which the words belong are required to be consistent, such as nouns to nouns, verbs to verbs, adjectives to adjectives, etc.; the "lexical meaning" of the words must also be the same. Just like nouns, they must belong to the same meaning range, such as astronomy, geography, palace, clothing, utensils, animals, plants, human body, behavior, action, etc. Only words within the same meaning range can be paired. The use of antithesis can be broad or strict, so there are various types of antithesis, such as work pair, adjacent pair, wide pair, borrowed pair, running water pair, fan pair, etc. In terms of content, there are names such as right words, right things, right answers, and objections.
Gong Dui: The neat antithesis used in modern poetry is called "Gong Dui". To achieve neat contrasts, it is generally necessary to use words of the same category, such as words in the same meaning category of nouns such as astronomy, geography, seasons, utensils, clothing, etc. For example, in Du Fu's "Quequatrains", "Two orioles sing in the green willows, and a row of egrets ascend to the blue sky. The window contains the snow of Qianqiu in the West Ridge, and the door is docked with ships thousands of miles away from the East Wu." The contrast is quite neat. "Two" versus "one line" in the poem (quantitative structure versus quantitative structure), "oriole" versus "egret" (relative noun for birds), "green" versus "green" (relative noun for color), "thousand" versus " "Wan" (the relative numbers) are all pairs of similar words, very neat.
Kuan Dui: A type of antithesis in modern poetry. It is a relative concept to work pair. Wide pairing is a kind of informal pairing. Generally, as long as the sentence pattern is the same and the part of speech is the same, it can constitute a pairing. Such a confrontation is generally called a "wide confrontation". The requirements for wide pairs are wider than for adjacent pairs. For example, generally nouns versus nouns and adjectives versus adjectives are sufficient. For example, the second couplet of Huang Luzhi's poem "Reply to the Longmen Scholar's Meeting" "The bright moon and the clear breeze are not vulgar things, the light fur and fat horse thank your son Cao" is a wide pair.
Neighbor pair: a type of antithesis in modern poetry. Use words whose meanings are relatively close to each other as pairs, which is called "neighbor pairs". The so-called meaning categories of words are similar, such as the relationship between astronomy and seasons, geography and palaces, utensils and clothing, plants and animals, directions and quantities, etc. Use these words with similar meanings as pairs, which are adjacent pairs. For example, there are two sentences in Bai Juyi's "Sense of Spring": "The grass is green near the water, and the people with white heads see the flowers." Grass and heads are not of the same kind, water and flowers are not of the same kind, and the ground and people are not of the same kind. This can be regarded as a pair of neighbors.
Self-pairing: also called sentence pairing, a type of antithesis. Certain words in a sentence form self-pairings, which is called self-pairing. For example, Hong Mai's "Rong Zhai Essays" quoted Li Yishan's poem: "Pingyang is close to the orchid, and the Qin Tower has mandarin tiles and tiles in the Han Palace. The light of the pool is uncertain, the flowers are bright, and the sun is beginning to contain dew and the air is dry. But I feel the bees dancing around me. Butterfly, how could I know that the solitary phoenix picks up the luan, the three stars rotate three mountains away, and the purple palace is far away and wide. "There are many opposites in the poem, such as the Qin Tower facing the Han Palace in the second sentence, and the tiles facing the plate in the fifth sentence. The wandering bee versus the dancing butterfly; the lone phoenix versus Li Luan in the sixth sentence, etc.
Borrowed pairing: a form of counterpoint in modern poetry, or false pairing. It achieves the purpose of neat confrontation by borrowing meanings or sounds.
A: Borrowing meaning uses the polysemy of words to form a contrast between a certain meaning of a word and the corresponding word. However, what is used in the poem is not this meaning, but another meaning. kind of meaning. For example, Du Fu's poem "Qujiang": "Debts are commonplace, but rare in seventy years of life." The word "ordinary" has multiple meanings, one is "ordinary", the other is "eight feet is a search, two times a search is common". The former is a general adverb, and the latter is a quantifier. Here, ordinary is used to describe the numeral "seventy", which uses its original quantitative meaning, while the adverbial meaning is used in the poem. This is the "borrowing pair".
B: Borrowing sounds uses the homophone relationship between words, using word A (character) to represent word (word) B. For example, if the couplet uses the word A, the couplet should originally use the word B, which has a similar meaning to the word A, but using the word B is not appropriate in the full sense of the word, so the word C is chosen, which has the same pronunciation as the word A but has a related meaning. Come and fight. Yu Bian's "Yi Laotang Poetry Talk" said: "Hong Juefan's "Tianchu Forbidden" has a syntax that is borrowed from the pattern, such as "The red medicine of the remaining spring is here, and it cries all day long", with red pairs (harmonizing purple), such as "Living in the mountain" "Ten years now, moving again tomorrow, moving ten pairs (harmonizing a thousand)" are all fake, to accommodate the prosperity of the moment. People in the Tang Dynasty often have this style, so why should they be thorough? "The example mentioned in the article is "borrowed sound pairing".
Fan pairing: a format of antithesis between poems, words and music, that is, facing each other every other sentence. In a poem, the front couplet and the back couplet form a counterpoint, It is a fan facing each other. The sentences and couplets in each couplet do not constitute a contrast in poetry. For example, Bai Juyi of the Tang Dynasty wrote the poem "The Xiaoxiang Sending Divine Comedy to Feel the Past" written by Bai Juyi of the Tang Dynasty: "The Misty Witch Mountain Girl Returns." Seven or eight years. The diligent Xiangshui song remains on the 13th string. The bitter chants still come out, but the deep feelings cannot be conveyed. Thoughts on thousands of clouds and water make the moon shine in front of me at night. "The first and third sentences are correct, and the second and fourth sentences are correct.
Fans are also used in lyrics, such as the first part of Liu Yong's "Jade Butterfly": "The water breeze is gentle, the apple blossoms are getting older; the moon is cold and the dew is cold, and the phoenix leaves are floating yellow", and the second part "Remembering the two swallows, it is difficult to trust from a distance" "Referring to the dusk sky, empty consciousness returns." The fan in the song is like the poem "Spring Love" by Cheng Jingchu: "In the small pavilion, the curtains are not rolled up when the swallows come, and the moon is full in the sky where the cuckoo sings. "The sentence "Swallow" and the sentence "Cuckoo" are facing each other. That is to say, the second sentence and the fourth sentence are separated by sentences.
Intricate pairing: a method of antithesis in ancient verses. It does not depend on the position of words, but the corresponding words are in an intricate and intersecting state. For example, Li Qunyu, a poet of the mid-Tang Dynasty, wrote in his poem "Giving Beauties at Prime Minister Du's Banquet" that "the skirt drags six pictures of the water of the Xiangjiang River, and the bun holds a section of clouds in Wushan." Fight in pairs, but in different positions. This is a mistake.
Liu Shui Dui: A type of antithesis in modern poetry. Liushui pairs are sentences and couplets that are not opposed in meaning and grammatical structure, but have a relationship of succession. The two cannot be separated or reversed, but have a certain order of language structure. For example, there are two sentences in Du Fu's poem "Wen Guan Si Jun Takes Henan and Hebei": "That is to say, from Ba Gorge to Wu Gorge, then go down to Xiangyang to Luoyang." They have a continuous relationship and must be from Ba Gorge in Sichuan to Wu Gorge. Only then can we arrive at Luoyang from Xiangyang. The order cannot be reversed, and the relationship between the sentences is that the next sentence succeeds the previous sentence. The two form a sequential and complex sentence, but the words used in these two sentences form a contrast. This kind of confrontation is like running water, flowing from upstream to downstream, so it is called "flowing water pair".
Putting palms together: It is a problem of antithesis in metrical poetry. In a poem, the words used in the sentence and the couplet are basically synonymous or completely synonymous, and the meanings of the upper and lower sentences are repeated, as if two palms were joined together, so such a pair of words is called "gassho". Putting your hands together is something that should be avoided when fighting. Liu Xie called this kind of confrontation "direct confrontation" in "Wen Xin Diao Long", which is a kind of clumsy confrontation. He made it clear in the article: "There are generally four pairs in the style of beautiful words. It is easy to say something right, but it is difficult to say something right; it is better to oppose, and it is worse to be right." For example, Song Zhiwen's poem "First Arrival at Huangmei": "We will meet immediately. Cold food, it’s late spring on the way.” Ji Yun commented in "Ying Kui Lv Sui Publication Erroneous": "On the way, on horseback, in late spring, and during cold food, it is inevitable to put your palms together.
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