Four-character poems prevailed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and there were few other poems except Chu Ci.
2. Five fonts
Five-character poetry, ancient poetry genre. Refers to a five-word poem, and the whole poem consists of five words. Five-character poems can accommodate more words, thus expanding the capacity of poems and expressing feelings and narratives more flexibly and meticulously. In terms of syllables, even-odd matching is more musical.
3. Six fonts
Six-character poetry is a genre of old poetry, which consists of six words and one sentence. It has sprouted in the Book of Songs.
4. Seven fonts
Seven-character poems include seven-character ancient poems, seven-character metrical poems and seven-character quatrains. Seven-character style is a genre of ancient poetry, which is mainly composed of seven words or seven sentences per sentence. It originated from folk songs.
5. Miscellaneous words
Miscellaneous poems, named after the different lengths of sentences in the poems, have variable numbers of words, the shortest is only one word, and the long sentences are more than nine spans, mostly three, four, five and seven words. It is characterized by its relatively free form, which is convenient for expressing thoughts and feelings freely. Any poet who wins by emotion or momentum has a great preference for miscellaneous poems.
Extended data
The rhythm of classical poetry;
Classical poetry can not only rhyme, but also rhyme. In phonology, we should also distinguish between upper phonology, lower phonology and lower phonology. Generally speaking, different tones cannot rhyme.
Twenty-nine rhymes of Shang Sheng: one dong, two rises, three lectures, four articles, five tails, six languages, seven rituals (), eight rituals, nine crabs, ten bribes, eleven rituals, twelve parents, thirteen Ruan, fourteen droughts, fifteen Meng, sixteen Xi, seventeen Xiao.
30 Rhyme:, Ersong, Sanjiang, Simin, Wuwei, Liu Yu, Chyi Yu, Baji, Jiutai, Shigua,1/team, 12 earthquake, 13 question, 14 wish,/
Rusheng 17 rhyme: one house, two wo, three senses, four qualities, five things, June, seven grass, eight forks, nine scraps, ten medicines, eleven strange, twelve tin, thirteen posts, fourteen arrests, fifteen combinations, sixteen leaves and seventeen couplets.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Ancient Poetry
2. What are the structures of ancient poems? Classification of ancient poems in China 1. According to rhythm, poetry can be divided into classical poetry and modern poetry.
Classical poetry and modern poetry are concepts formed in the Tang Dynasty, which are divided from the perspective of poetic rhythm. (1) Classical poetry: including ancient poetry (poems before the Tang Dynasty), songs of Chu and Yuefu poems.
Poems in ancient poetry genres such as Song, Gexing, Quotations, Qu and Ling are also ancient poems. Classical poetry does not talk about antithesis and rhymes freely.
The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Jian 'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati five-character poems → Tang Dynasty Ancient Style New Yuefu. ① Chuci: a form of poetry created by Qu Yuan during the Warring States Period, characterized by the use of dialect and phonology of Chuci, with strong Chu color.
There are seventeen volumes of Chu Ci edited by Liu Xiang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, mainly the works of Qu Yuan, and Qu Yuan's works take Li Sao as his masterpiece, so later generations also call it "Chu Ci Style" and "Sao Style". ② Yuefu: It was originally the official name in charge of music in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and later became a poetic name.
Music songs collected and created by Yuefu officials in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are called Yuefu for short. Poems written by poets in Wei, Jin, Tang and beyond are quasi-Yuefu, which makes them quasi-Yuefu and quasi-Yuefu, although they are not enjoyable.
Such as Chile Song, Mulan Poetry and Short Song (Cao Cao). Generally speaking, the titles of Yuefu poems are songs, lines, quotations, songs, songs and so on.
(3) Gexing style: it is a variant of Yuefu poetry. After the Han and Wei Dynasties, there were quite a few Yuefu poems with the theme of "Song" and "Xing". Although the names are different, there is no strict difference between them. They all mean "Song". Their syllables and meter are generally free, and the form is the archaic form of five words, seven words and miscellaneous words, which is full of changes. Later, they had the style of "Gexing".
In the Tang Dynasty, poets in the early Tang Dynasty created Yuefu poems, in addition to following the old themes of Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, a few poets also created new themes. Although it was renamed Yuefu, it was not limited to temperament, so it was called New Yuefu. This kind of poetry has been greatly developed by Li Bai and Du Fu.
For example, Du Fu's "Sad Chen Tao", "Mourning for the Head" and "One Car Paves Two Roads", as well as many of Bai Juyi's works, appear in the form of Yuefu songs, mostly mixed in a few words. (2) Modern poetry: Compared with classical poetry, modern poetry is also called modern poetry, which is a kind of metrical poetry formed in the Tang Dynasty. There are two kinds, and there are strict rules on the number of words, sentences, level tones and rhymes.
(1) a "quatrains", each sentence four sentences, referred to as five words, referred to as seven words. (2) One kind is called "metrical poem", each poem has eight sentences, five characters are abbreviated as five laws, seven characters are abbreviated as seven laws, and more than eight sentences are called excluded laws (or long laws).
The rhythm is very strict. There are definite sentences (except arrangement), definite characters in sentences, definite rhymes (definite rhymes), definite tones (definite tones of each word in the poem) and definite couplets (the two rhymes in the middle must be aligned). For example, verse poems originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty. Each poem has four quadruples and eight sentences, and each sentence must have the same number of words, which can be four rhymes or five rhymes. The two couplets in the middle must face each other. Two, four, six and eight sentences rhyme, and the first sentence can be put or not.
If the arrangement is extended to more than ten sentences on the basis of fixed rhythm, it is called arrangement. In addition to the antithesis of the first and last couplets, there are also antitheses, which are called "model pairs". For another example, quatrains are just antithetical sentences of two or four sentences, also known as quatrains, broken sentences and broken sentences, which have certain requirements for parallelism, rhyme and duality.
(3) Ci: also known as Yu Shi, long and short sentences, Qu Zi, Qu Zi Ci, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number and the word has a fixed tone.
The number of words can be divided into long tune (above 9 1 word), middle tune (59-90 words) and minor tune (below 58 words). Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two paragraphs, in which the level and number of words are equal or roughly equal, and monosyllabic is only one paragraph.
A word is called a paragraph, the first paragraph is called money, business and fashion, and the second paragraph is called Hou, Xia and Xia. (4) Qu: also known as Yuefu.
Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu rose in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style was similar to that of Ci.
Features: the number of words can be added with interlining, and more oral English is used. Sanqu includes poems and songs.
The number of songs is a coherent set of songs, ranging from two to dozens. Each group number takes the song of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set of songs must be in the same palace tune.
It has no guests, but only oratorios. 2. According to the content, it can be divided into narrative poems, lyric poems, farewell poems, frontier poems, pastoral poems, nostalgic poems (poems about history), mourning poems and satirical poems.
(1) nostalgic poems. Generally, I miss people and things in ancient times.
Poetry about history often distorts historical facts and reality, or regrets personal experience or criticizes social reality. For example, Su Shi's "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia" expresses his personal experience, the contradiction between ideal and reality, and has achieved nothing for more than half a year.
Xin Qiji's Ode to Yule, Jingkou Gu Beiting and Nostalgia expressed his dissatisfaction with the imperial court's drag out an ignoble existence and attacked the social reality. There are also poems about history, which only reflect and evaluate history calmly and rationally, or just describe it objectively. The poet's own experience is not among them, and the poet's feelings are just the voices outside the painting.
For example, Liu Yuxi's "Wu Yi Xiang" expresses the poet's sense of historical vicissitudes by comparing the past and the present. (2) poetry.
Characteristics of object-chanting poems: the content takes a certain object as the description object, and describes it by grasping some of its characteristics. Ideologically, it is often to express one's wishes.
From things to people, from reality to nothingness, write spiritual character. Commonly used metaphor, symbol, personification and contrast.
(3) Landscape pastoral poetry. Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasty created landscape poetry, Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty created pastoral poetry, and in the Tang Dynasty, the school of landscape pastoral poetry represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran appeared.
Landscape pastoral poetry is good at describing natural scenery, pastoral scenery and comfortable seclusion life, with meaningful and beautiful poetic landscape, quiet and elegant style and clear and elegant language. (4) War poems.
Poems about frontier fortress and war have existed since the pre-Qin period and developed into the Tang Dynasty. Because wars are still frequent, rulers attach more importance to martial arts than literature, and it is easier for scholars to win reputation by inviting frontier courts than by passing imperial examinations. In addition, in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, frontier poems with magnificent feelings were greatly developed, forming a new school of poetry, with representatives such as Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling. (5) Travel poems and in my heart forever's poems.
The ancients left home for a long time, drifted for a long time, or guarded the border for a long time, which always caused strong homesickness.
3. Poetry is structurally divided into 1. From the form of poetry, it can be divided into: ① ancient poetry, including ancient poetry (poems before the Tang Dynasty), songs of Chu and Yuefu poems. Note that ancient poems such as Song, Song, Qu and Ling are also ancient poems. Ancient poetry does not talk about confrontation. Rhyming is free. The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Jian 'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati five-character poems → Tang Dynasty Ancient Style New Yuefu. ② Modern poetry, including metrical poems and quatrains. ③ Ci, also known as Yu Shi, long and short sentences, Qu Zi, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics. Words have a fixed tone. Different words can be divided into long tones (above 9 1 word), middle tones (59-90 words) and short tones (below 58 words). The word is divided into two sections: monosyllabic and disyllabic. The two paragraphs are equal to or roughly equal to the number of words, and the monotonicity is only one paragraph. A part of a word is called a gap or gap. Yuanqu, also known as Yu Jihe Yuefu, includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu rose in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style was similar to that of Ci. Its characteristics are: you can add lines to the number of words, and you can use spoken English more. Sanqu includes poems and suites (suites). Suite number is a coherent group of songs, ranging from two to dozens. Each set of numbers is based on the first song. Only suitable for oratorio. 2. According to the theme of poetry, it can be divided into: ① lyric poetry describing scenery, lyric poetry describing scenic spots and natural scenery. Because of dissatisfaction with reality, some ancient poets often express their feelings with mountains and rivers, and express their thoughts and feelings by describing the scenery of rivers and lakes and natural scenery. This kind of poems often express their feelings in the scenery described later, which is what people often say. Its style is fresh and natural. 2 sing things and express your ambitions. Poets describe the shape, characteristics, charm and character of what they sing to express their own feelings and their spirit, quality or ideals. They have nostalgia for poetry, which is caused by one thing, such as nostalgia for relatives, homesickness, missing friends and so on. (4) They cherish the past, take historical allusions as the theme, or express their opinions, or satirize the present through the past, or express their feelings of sorrow and joy. Describe the frontier scenery and the military life of the soldiers guarding the frontier, or express optimism and heroism or lovesickness. The style is tragic and bold, and the style is bold. 3. Love poems are poems with the theme of love (including mourning), also known as "love songs" and "in my heart forever's poems". Love poems have a long history since the Book of Songs, mainly describing men and women. Or express the feelings of parting, such as All Love, Farewell to the Altair, Untitled (earlier than I met her, but longer than we parted), Queqiao Fairy (Shu Yun Qiao Qin Guan) and so on. 2. Satire is to expose the darkness of society and the ruthlessness of the world by mocking or persuading, and to show people or upright people. From the Book of Songs to modern times, there are such things as Storytelling, Cutting Tan, Bees (Tang Luoyin), The Year Number of Lin 'an Mansion (Lin Sheng in Southern Song Dynasty), Drunken Taiping (Anonymous in Yuan Dynasty) and so on. Philosophical poetry is a kind of dwelling or discussion about specific things. Zhu's reading thoughts, etc. In addition, although some poems are not philosophical, they are also full of philosophy (such as "suspecting no way back, another village is dark", "Castle Peak cannot cover up, after all, it flows eastward" and so on. 3. Farewell poems are also one of the earliest and most common themes, mainly to express feelings of parting, or to express sadness of parting. Farewells are often associated with climbing mountains and facing the water, so they are also called "landscape farewell poems", such as Seeing Ren Shuchuan (Wang Bo), Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou (Li Bai) and Two Poems of Biedong University (Gao Shi). 4. Poems commemorating travel are also called poems commemorating travel, travel poems or poems describing personal experiences and feelings. So it is also called "landscape poetry". This is slightly different from pure landscape poetry, and it is mainly based on "recording lyric". For example, Du Fu's "Expressing My Mind at Night" and Ma Zhiyuan's "Qiu Si" are not landscape poems. Poetry reflecting the life of border guards. Famous frontier poets in Tang Dynasty include Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan and Li Qi. Gao Shi's Ge Yanxing, Bai Xuege's Farewell to Tian Shuji's Return to His Hometown, Wang Zhihuan's Liangzhou Ci, Wang Changling's Out of the Fortress, and Fan Zhongyan's Pride of Fishermen. There are also some poems that only describe contrast and don't comment, so that readers can think. Poem-chanting is a famous poem-chanting in the early days, such as Ban Gu's Poem-chanting in the Western Jin Dynasty and Eight Poems-chanting by Zuo Si. Since then, more poems about history have appeared, such as Zhang Jie's Book Burning Pit, Li Shangyin's Jia Sheng, and Du Mu's Wu Jiang Ge Ti (. They are all masterpieces. 7. Poetry about objects. This is a kind of poem that expresses thoughts and feelings by praising natural or social things. It is often used to express a person's ambition, express objects and symbolize comparison. This kind of poem appeared in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, and there have been more and more excellent works since the Tang Dynasty, such as Wang Wei's Acacia (when those red plums come in spring), Li Bai's Egret, Du Fu's Gui Yan and Lu You's. A famous lyric poem. 8. chant poems. This is a poem with the theme of reciting personal aspirations and reflecting or satirizing society. Bixing, symbolism and association are its main techniques. Poems chanting for the bosom also come from The Book of Songs, which is one of the most important poems in ancient times, such as Qu Yuan's Li Sao, She Jiang, Li Bai's Difficult to Go to Heaven and Jiang.
4. What are the forms of ancient poetry? The artistic techniques of ancient poetry mainly include lyric techniques, expressive techniques and rhetorical techniques.
Lyricism can be divided into direct lyricism (expressing one's feelings directly) and indirect lyricism, and indirect lyricism can be divided into lyricism by borrowing scenes (blending scenes, blending feelings with scenes), lyricism by holding things, lyricism by remembering the past and hurting the present, and instant lyricism. Description methods include frontal description and profile description, as well as line drawing, contrast and rendering.
The common expression techniques of landscape poetry are the combination of reality and reality, the combination of movement and static, the combination of song and sadness, and the combination of up and down (or distance, intonation, time and space, melody, audio-visual). Other expressive skills include intonation, antithesis and so on.
Artistic skills of poetry 1. Expression: There are four main ways of expression in poetry: narration, description, discussion and lyricism, among which description and lyricism are the focus of examination. Different description methods, such as dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination; Yes (lyrical way? There are two main ways: direct lyric and indirect lyric. )
Express one's feelings directly, express one's feelings through scenery, and blend feelings with scenes. 2. Structural form: the structural form of poetry is concerned from beginning to end, straight to the point, in-depth at all levels, first generalized and then divided, first scenery and feelings, last chapter and ambition, transition, bedding, foreshadowing and so on.
3. Rhetoric: The main figures of speech are: duality, metaphor, personification, metonymy, exaggeration, parallelism, repetition and symbol. 4. Writing skills: Writing skills include: Fu Bi's arousing, setting off, comparing, rendering, expressing ambition, making the finishing point, and seeing the big from the small.
5. The classification of formal poems in China's ancient poems can be roughly divided into two categories: one is called ancient poetry (or "ancient style"), which began in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the new metrical poems at that time were called modern poems, while the poems with less metrical restrictions before the Tang Dynasty were called ancient poems.
According to the Tang Dynasty, later generations called Yuefu folk songs, poems written by scholars before the Tang Dynasty and poems written by scholars after the Tang Dynasty "archaic poems". Modern poetry, also known as metrical poetry, originated in the Six Dynasties and was formed in the Tang Dynasty.
Among them, metrical poems are normal, which are divided into five-character metrical poems, seven-character metrical poems and exclusive metrical poems. Each poem has eight sentences in quadruplicate, namely, head couplet, parallel couplet, neck couplet and tail couplet, in which parallel couplet and neck couplet must be couplets.
Four quatrains are quatrains, which refer to the meaning of metrical poems, and are divided into five quatrains and seven quatrains. In contrast, it is ancient poetry.
Poems before the Tang Dynasty are basically ancient poems, and there are many ancient poems after the Tang Dynasty. According to the number of words, there are three words, four words, five words (five ancient) and seven words (seven ancient), and more than seven words are called miscellaneous words.
Chuci, or Sao, also belongs to ancient poetry. Rhyme, antithesis and levelness in classical poetry are not strict-because these are the basic characteristics of modern poetry, that is, metrical poetry.
There is another category of classical poetry, Yuefu, which is composed of poems before the Han Dynasty. After the Han dynasty, poetry and music were separated, and the tunes may be lost, but the format and name of Yuefu were preserved, usually appearing as specific and fixed themes.
The genre of these topics includes: songs, songs, poems and so on. Among them, songs are divided into Long song (five characters) and short songs (four characters)
Cao Cao was good at writing Yuefu in the Three Kingdoms. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai was particularly good at classical style and Yuefu, and Du Fu wrote many Yuefu and Guti.
Ci is a style evolved from poetry. Ci is a poetic style that rose in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
The formal characteristics of words are "fixed tone, fixed sentence and fixed words". Every word has a title called "epigraph".
The number of words is relatively short, and the shortest is only a dozen words. For example, the 16-character order, the longest is only 240 words, such as the preface to Yingying.
Generally speaking, less than 58 words are considered as "minor melody", 59 to 90 words are considered as "alto", and more than 9/kloc-0 words are considered as "long tune". Most words are segmented in structure, and a paragraph is called "a paragraph" (or "a piece") in music.
According to the number of articles, words can be divided into monosyllabic (no articles), disyllabic (two articles), trisyllabic (three articles, such as the Warrior Lan Ling) and tetrasyllabic. Buckling is a classical poetry genre that appeared after poetry and prevailed after Yuan Dynasty. Qu can be divided into Sanqu and Drama.
Sanqu is only used for oratorios and intonation, and drama enters drama and becomes lyrics. There are Qupai and Gongdiao.
Qupai is the musical form of a tune, which stipulates the number of sentences, words, levels and rhymes of the tune. Each tune belongs to a palace tune, and each palace tune has several tunes. The standards of modern poetry should remain unchanged: the beauty of language, rhythm, rhyme and artistic conception.
Good poetry should attract people with language, infect people with rhythm and rhyme, and melt people with artistic conception. But now many so-called good poems make complete sentences incomplete, smooth sentences awkward and clear sentences incomprehensible.
A good poem should be: the words are close and far away, the true feelings are real, the artistic conception is broad, the scene is mixed, "the understanding is the text, delicate and brilliant." Poetry is not only poetry, but also songs. Poetry should not only have rhythm, but also be catchy.
Generally speaking, poetry should make people cultivate their temperament and learn knowledge in it. Literature, especially poetry, is definitely not natural and must be processed by someone.
"Clouds carve colors, which are more wonderful than painters and lush vegetation. This is not the law that poetry should follow." Poetry is a hidden art.
A good poem is a music-related sentence with the least words and the deepest, most beautiful, most eye-catching and most visual aesthetic feeling! In our time, we look forward to the emergence of a perfect poet. She must have classical aesthetic feeling, modern philosophical thinking and surreal romance at the same time in order to surpass the classics at all times and become a classic. This is a limit, and only by crossing it can she be widely accepted and recognized. Poetry creation has been inseparable from "brushwork" since ancient times, especially modern poetry. Writing skills include "image", "artistic conception", "expression", "structure" and "decoration", and so on. In this respect, ancient poetry and new poetry are different, except for the metrical part.