An essay
Prose here refers to a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, novel and drama, not ancient prose.
According to different expressions, prose can be divided into narrative prose, lyric prose and argumentative prose. The focus of prose is "scattered in form but scattered in spirit". "Loose form" means that prose is free to draw materials, not limited by time and space, and has various forms of expression. "Distraction" means that the theme of prose should be clear and focused.
Two novels
A literary genre that focuses on portraying characters and reflects social life through complete storylines and environmental descriptions. Character, plot and environment are the three elements of a novel.
Shaping characters is the main means for novels to reflect social life. The common methods of shaping characters are portrait description, psychological description, action description, language description, environmental description and positive description.
Introduction, description and so on.
The plot of the novel plays a role in displaying the character and expressing the theme of the work, which generally includes four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending, and some also include prologue and ending.
Environment includes social environment and natural environment. The social environment mainly explains the background of the work; The natural environment mainly includes the time, place and scenery of the characters' activities, which is used to set off the atmosphere and express the feelings of the characters.
According to different standards, novels can be divided into different categories:
According to the length and capacity, it can be divided into novels (such as A Dream of Red Mansions), novellas (such as The True Story of Ah Q), short stories (such as The Last Lesson) and mini-novels (such as The Shoemaker).
According to the writing system, it can be divided into chapters (such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms), diaries (such as Diary of Ms. Sha Fei), letters (such as Goethe's young werther) and autobiographies (such as Gorky's autobiographical trilogy Childhood, On Earth and My University).
According to the content of the novel, it can be divided into historical novels, modern novels, science fiction novels, case-solving novels, martial arts novels, romance novels and legendary novels.
According to the language form, it can be divided into classical Chinese novels (such as "Promoting Weaving") and vernacular novels (such as "Medicine").
There are many propositional ways in the novel: 1 taking the protagonist as the proposition, such as Ji; 2
Put forward the place where the story happened, such as Lianhua Lake; 3. Propose major events, such as "Fairy Meeting in the Garden"; 4. Detailed propositions that constitute the plot throughout the text, such as medicine; five
Based on the time or background of the story, such as night.
The development of China's ancient novels has roughly experienced the following stages:
1
From ancient times to the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, this is the brewing and budding period of China's ancient novels. Mainly "fables" in the pre-Qin period. Such as Jingwei Reclaiming the Sea, Kuafu Daily, Huangdi Attacking Chiyou, Houyi Shooting the Sun, and Goddess Mending the Sky.
2
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there appeared "exotic novels" and "character novels", collectively referred to as "note novels". During this period, China's novels began to take shape. The main works are Zhang Hua's Natural History; Gan Bao's Searching for God and so on.
three
The legend of the Tang Dynasty appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The appearance of the Tang legend marks the maturity of China's classical novels. Famous legends include Jiang Fang's Biography of Huo Xiaoyu, Yuan Zhen's Biography of Yingying, Li's Biography of Liu Yi and Bai Xingjian's Biography of Li Wa.
A vernacular novel, Hua Ben, appeared in the Song Dynasty.
. At this point, novels are regarded as proper nouns of story style. The appearance of scripts is "a great change in the history of novels", which has a far-reaching impact on the development of China's ancient novels. His masterpiece is Three Kingdoms Pinghua.
five
In the Ming dynasty, there appeared "parody of books", that is, novels created by Ming literati imitating the system and form of story books. For example, Yutangchun met her husband in trouble, Du Shiniang fumed and sank her treasure chest, Shen Yumo and so on.
six
Zhang Hui's novels appeared in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. During this period, China's ancient novels reached their peak and produced many great and immortal masterpieces. For example, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, The Journey to the West, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, The Scholars and A Dream of Red Mansions.
The characteristics of China's ancient novels;
1 Pay attention to the action, language and details of the characters, and show the characters in conflict.
The plot is tortuous and the story is complete.
The language is accurate, concise, vivid, fluent and personalized.
The narrative style obviously bears the imprint of a storyteller.
Third, drama.
Drama is a comprehensive stage art, and the drama we are talking about here is actually a script and a literary genre. Drama is inseparable from drama conflict, which is manifested in the conflict of characters' personalities, and this conflict is reflected in a series of actions. Drama language includes character language (lines) and stage description. Stage description is descriptive words written at the beginning and end of each scene of the script and in the middle of the dialogue, including a list of people, time, place, costumes, props, scenery, expressions, actions and performances. It has many functions, such as enhancing the stage atmosphere, setting off the characters' emotions, showing the characters' personalities and promoting the plot development.
According to different standards, drama can be divided into different categories:
According to the artistic form and expression, it can be divided into Thunderstorm, opera White-haired Girl, ballet Rain on Silk Road and other plays.
According to the complexity and structure of the plot, it can be divided into Ding Xilin's Bumblebee and the whole drama Thunderstorm.
The times reflected by themes can be divided into historical dramas such as Qu Yuan and modern dramas such as thunderstorm.
According to the nature of conflict, it can be divided into tragedy such as Qu Yuan, comedy such as the merchant of Venice, and drama such as the white-haired girl.
Fourth, poetry.
(1) A literary genre, which vividly expresses the author's rich thoughts and feelings in highly concise language, reflects social life intensively, and has a certain rhythm and rhythm.
(2)
The characteristics of poetry: ① The content of poetry is the most concentrated reflection of social life. ② Poetry is full of emotion and imagination. The language of poetry is concise, vivid, harmonious in tone and distinct in rhythm. In form, poetry is not based on sentences, but on behavior.
(3) the classification of poetry:
Stories and characters are divided into narrative poems and lyric poems according to whether the content is complete or not. Lyrics can be divided into direct lyric and indirect lyric.
According to the form, it can be divided into metrical poems, free poems and folk songs.
China's classical poetry is divided into poems, words and songs.
Ancient poetry and modern poetry
Poetry can be divided into classical poetry and modern poetry. Classical poetry refers to the ancient poetry before the Tang Dynasty, which is a kind of metrical poetry that began to form in the early Tang Dynasty. It has strict rules on the number of words, rhyme and antithesis, which is what we call modern poetry. Modern poetry is relative to ancient poetry. Poets in the Tang Dynasty and beyond still wrote classical poems. . . . . . . . . .