Wang Changling
Qinghai Changyun Dark Snow Mountain,
Seeing yumenguan from the lonely city.
Huang Sha wears golden armor in many battles.
If you don't break Loulan, you won't return it.
Measure:
○ Pingsheng ● Pingsheng ⊙ Pingkecuo △ Yunping ▲ Yun Yun
There is a dark snow-capped mountain in Qinghai, with long white clouds and a lonely city looking at Yumenguan.
○●○○●●○ ○○○●●○△
Yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, but the loulan is not returned.
○○●●○○● ○●○○○●△
Precautions:
1. Qinghai: Lake Qinghai.
2. Wear: Wear.
3. Golden armor: the laudatory name of armor.
4. Loulan: the name of the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty, generally referring to the Japanese pirates.
Source:
Joining the army is selected from all Tang poems.
Reference translation:
Clouds over Qinghai darkened the snow-capped mountains and stood in the lonely city overlooking Yumen Pass in the distance. The Great Wall has worn out its helmet and armor in many battles, and it will never come back until it defeats the enemies in the west.
Writing background:
During the period of Tang Gaozong transferring Lu to Yonglong (679──68 1), Tubo and Turkic invaded Gansu many times, and Pei Xingjian, the minister of Tang Rites, was ordered to arise and crusade. Wang Changling's poem Join the Army describes the frontier soldiers inside. Poems are frontier poems written with old Yuefu poems, and there are seven poems. This is the fourth poem, which describes the process and mood of scholars joining the army and fighting in the border court, thus expressing the sense of mission and heroic feelings for the country.
Appreciation of works:
"Qinghai Yunchang Snow Mountain is dark, and the lonely city looks at Yumenguan." There are long white clouds over Qinghai Lake. To the north of the lake, there is a faint snow-capped mountain stretching for thousands of miles; Crossing the snow-capped mountains, it is an isolated city, standing in the desert of Hexi Corridor. Further west, it is the Yumen Pass, a military fortress far away from the lonely city. This long scroll, which condensed things thousands of miles away, was a typical environment for soldiers living and fighting in the northwest frontier at that time. It is a bird's eye view and a summary of the entire northwest border.
Why did you specifically mention Qinghai and Guan Yu? This is related to the situation of the war between ethnic groups at that time. The strong enemies of the west and the north in the Tang Dynasty were Tubo and Turkic. Our special envoy's task in Hexi is to cut off the traffic between Tubo and Turkic, and take care of the two powerful enemies in the west and north within one town, mainly to defend Tubo and protect the Hexi Corridor. "Qinghai" area is the place where Tubo and Tang Jun fought many times; Outside Yumenguan, it is the sphere of influence of Turks.
Therefore, these two sentences not only describe the scene of the whole northwest border, but also point out the extremely important geographical situation that the "isolated city" rejects Tubo in the south and defends Turks in the west. The strong enemies in these two directions are the heart of the soldiers guarding the "lonely city", so Qinghai and Guan Yu should appear on the screen. This is not so much what the soldiers see, but rather what emerges in their minds. These two sentences are permeated with rich and complex feelings while writing the scenery: the frontier soldiers' concern for the frontier situation, their pride and sense of responsibility for their tasks, and the loneliness and hardship of frontier life are all integrated in the tragic, open and misty scenery.
Three or four sentences changed from environmental description with scenes to direct lyricism. "Yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles" is a poem with strong generalization. The length of the border defense, the frequency of wars, the hardship of fighting, the toughness of the enemy and the desolation of the border are all summed up in these seven words. Hundreds of battles is more abstract, and the word "yellow sand" highlights the characteristics of the northwest battlefield, making people see the scene of "the ancient battlefield with sunset and sand like clouds"; From "winning every battle" to "wearing golden armor", we can imagine the arduousness and fierceness of the battle, and we can also imagine a series of heroic sacrifices in this long time. However, although the shining golden armor has worn out, the soldiers' ambition to serve the country has not been tempered, but has become more determined in the tempering of desert sand.
"Never break the Loulan, never return it" is the heroic oath of the battle-hardened soldiers. The more the last sentence highlights the difficulty of the battle and the frequency of the war, the more forceful it becomes, hitting the floor. In a word or two, the realm is broad and the feelings are tragic and rich; There is an obvious turning point between three or four sentences, and the two sentences are in sharp contrast. Although the phrase "yellow sand" describes the hardships of war, the actual feeling of the whole image is majestic and powerful, not deep and sad.
Therefore, the last sentence is not a lament for returning home without a day, but a firmer and deeper oath based on a deep understanding of the hardships and length of the war. An important ideological feature of the excellent frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty is that while expressing the lofty sentiments and ambitions of the frontier guards, they do not shy away from the hardships of war. This article is an obvious example. It can be said that three or four sentences are not empty and superficial lyricism, but only one or two sentences of rich environmental description are needed. The high unity of typical environment and characters' feelings is a prominent advantage of Wang Changling's quatrains, which is also clearly reflected in this paper.
Related materials:
Readers of frontier poems in Tang Dynasty are often confused by the confusion and spatial separation of ancient and modern place names in poems. Some people doubt that the author is not familiar with geography, so they don't seek a good solution, and others write for it. This is the case with this poem. The first two sentences mentioned three place names. Snow Mountain is the Qilian Mountain which spans the south of Hexi Corridor. Qinghai and Guan Yu are thousands of miles apart, but they appear on the same picture, so these two sentences have various interpretations.
Some people say that the first sentence is looking forward, and the next sentence is looking back at home. This is very strange. Qinghai and Snow Mountain are in front, and Yumenguan is behind. Then the hometown of the lyric hero should be the Western Regions west of Yumenguan, not the Han soldiers, but Hu Bing. On the other hand, the second sentence is an inverted sentence of "Looking at Yumenguan, an isolated city", and the object of looking at it is "the dark snow mountain in Qinghai". There are two misunderstandings here: one is to interpret "looking from afar" as "looking from afar", and the other is to misunderstand the general description of the northwest border region as what the lyric hero sees. The former misunderstanding is due to the latter misunderstanding.
Introduction to Yuefu:
Yuefu began in Qin Dynasty and ended in Han Dynasty. According to Records of Rites and Music in the History of Han Dynasty, when Emperor Wudi was in power, there was an organization that collected local ballads, arranged and made music scores, called Yuefu. Later, people called the poems collected and created by this institution Yuefu Poetry, or simply Yuefu Poetry. By the Tang Dynasty, although the scores of these poems had long been lost, this form followed, becoming a poetic genre with no strict meter and close to five or seven words.
Poets in Tang Dynasty wrote Yuefu poems, some followed the old Yuefu poems to express their feelings about current events, such as Song of the Sage and Guan Shanyue, and some wrote new poems reflecting real life in the name of current events, such as A Car Shop and Mourning for the Head of a General by Du Fu.
Style names of Yuefu poems
Yuefu was originally an official position in charge of music in ancient times, in charge of music used in banquets and parades, and was also responsible for collecting folk poems and songs. As the name of poetic style, "Yuefu" first refers to the latter, and later it is also used to refer to poems that can be accompanied by music in Wei, Jin and Tang Dynasties and works with the theme of ancient Yuefu imitated by later generations.
Join the army and do the second thing.
Yang Xuan
The flames of bonfires in Kyoto, Chang 'an City, crude gas oil.
Leaving the palace, the general will assume the command; Surrounding the enemy and attacking the city, the elite cavalry are extremely brave.
The heavy snow darkened the color; The wind roared and the drums rang.
I'd rather be a junior officer to fight for my country than a white-faced scholar who only engraved his chapter.
Appreciate:
Yang Kui was one of the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty, and he was good at five laws. His frontier poems are vigorous and powerful, including Ji Chuan. Tang Ruxun said: "This young man is angry about joining the army because he doesn't meet his talents. Those who feel wronged are respected by the court, which deepens poverty. Although it was not a storm, it was caught by Mao's printed envelope, making a hundred people worse than us. "
This poem borrows the title "Joining the Army" from the old Yuefu and describes the whole process of a scholar joining the army and fighting. There are only forty words, which not only reveal the psychological activities of the characters, but also render the environment and atmosphere, and the brushwork is extremely vigorous.
The first two sentences were written and reported, which aroused the patriotic enthusiasm of people with lofty ideals. The poet did not directly explain the military emergency, but said that "bonfires are shining in Xijing" and expressed the military emergency through the visual scenery of "bonfires". A word "photo" plays up the tension. "The grievances in my heart" are caused by bonfires. Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the country, and he doesn't want to spend his youth between pen and inkstone any more. A word "self" shows the scholar's sincere patriotic passion and writes the spiritual realm of the characters. The first two sentences explain the background of the whole event. The third sentence, "Zhang Ya resigned from Phoenix Que", describes the scene of the army resigning from Beijing. "Tooth Zhang" is a symbol of the emperor's transfer of troops. Divided into concave and convex parts, respectively in the hands of the emperor and the general. "Phoenix Que" is synonymous with the palace. The poet used the words "tooth Zhang" and "phoenix bird" here, which are elegant and steady, showing not only the lofty mission of going to war, but also the solemnity of the scene. In the fourth sentence, "The fighters rode around the Dragon City", it was obvious that Tang Jun had quickly reached the front line and surrounded the enemy's castle. The Fighter and Dragon City are relative, which shows the war atmosphere of enter the dragon. The word "circuitous" vividly depicts Tang Jun's military posture of encirclement and suppression of the enemy. Five or six sentences began to write about fighting, but the poet did not write from the front, but set it off through the description of the scenery. "The snow darkened the flag painting and the wind rang the drum." The first sentence starts from people's vision: heavy snow covers the sky, which makes the colorful paintings on the military flag look eclipsed; The last sentence begins with people's hearing: the wind whistling, intertwined with the majestic marching drums. Two poems, vivid and colorful, wonderful. The poet expresses himself in a unique way, symbolizing the "flag" and "drum" of the army, showing the brave and fearless spirit of the soldiers fighting the enemy in the snow and the tragic scene of bravely killing the enemy inspired by the drum. The last two sentences of the poem: "Better be a centurion than a scholar." Express the lofty aspirations and lofty sentiments of the scholars who joined the army to protect the border and defend the country. The hard and fierce fighting increased his love for this extraordinary life. He would rather gallop on the battlefield and fight to defend the frontier than be a scholar in his study.
This short poem tells the whole process of the scholar's joining the army. Being able to concentrate such rich content in a limited space shows the poet's artistic skill. First of all, the poet grasped the most representative fragment in the whole process and gave a general description of the image. As for how the scholar joined the army, how to bid farewell to his parents, wives and concubines, and how to March all the way, the poet omitted everything and did not write. Secondly, the poem adopts a jumping structure, jumping from one typical scene to another and developing by leaps and bounds. For example, just after the third sentence was written, the fourth sentence surrounded the enemy and then showed the scene of fierce fighting. But this kind of leap is very natural, and there is rich imagination space between each span. At the same time, this leaping structure makes poetry have a lively rhythm, such as turbulence on a cliff, giving people an indomitable momentum, effectively highlighting the strong patriotic passion of literati and the spiritual outlook of Tang Junbing.
The four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty were very dissatisfied with the beautiful poetic style at that time. They have made fruitful explorations and innovations in the content and form of poetry, and Yang Jiong's poetic style is vigorous and passionate. Especially, it is not simple to write such a poem describing the battle of the golden drum in the form of strict rules. Generally speaking, only the two couplets in the middle are required to be couplets. Except for the first couplet, all the other triples of this poem are correct. Not only the sentence is correct, but also the same sentence, such as "Tooth Zhang" versus "Phoenix Que" and "Iron Ride" versus "Dragon City". The neat antithesis makes poetry more rhythmic and imposing, which is very valuable in the early Tang Dynasty.