Poetry in the Han Dynasty usually refers to poetry, including ancient speeches in the Han Dynasty, Yuefu folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the poems of writers in this period. Yuefu is Guan Shu's real name. Yuefu songs were collected by Yuefu authorities and annotated to the choir. The article "Wen Xin Diao Long Yue Fu" says: "Where Le Yan calls history, he calls it." From here, we can see the relationship between the three concepts of poetry, song and Yuefu: poetry refers to the poet's song, and song and poetry are compatible with the two terms of music, Yuefu and Yuefu. Later, the works written by the West Yongle House, that is, the old Yuefu or the Rubik's Cube Yuefu, were also called dynasties, even if there was no soundtrack. In the Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and others set off a new Yuefu movement, advocating innovation and writing current affairs, which was called New Yuefu.
Poetry after the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into two categories: ancient poetry and past poetry in terms of rhythm. Near this poetic style called poetry, it has certain rhythm. The ancients called Gu Feng's poems ordinary, which was written according to convention, and the form was relatively free from the constraints of rhythm.
Judging from the number of words in the poem, the so-called four-character poem is similar to Wuyan's seven-character poem. One is four terms, one is five words for Yanwu, and seven is seven words. After the Tang Dynasty, four-character poems were rarely reported in newspapers, so they were usually only seven-character poems in Wuyan. Yanwu's ancient poems mentioned five ancient times; Seven ancient poems such as Gucci; The use of 357 words is usually Gucci. Yanwu writes five-rhythm poems, with eight 40-word restrictions; Lv Qi's seven short poems are limited to eight poems with 56 words. The above eight lengths are called law and beat law. History of attorney general. Only four poems are called poems; Five, there are 20 wordless seven verses, and there are 20 characters. Poetry and lawlessness can be divided into two categories. The law must be limited by the rhythm of flat tones, and the ancient flat tones are by no means limited by rhymes. The number of ancient generals must be absolutely limited to only five.
The name of "Modern Poetry Club" began with 1953-the establishment of the standing string "Modern Poetry Club" in creation. The significance of modern poetry;
1. Free form
2. The connotation is open.
3. Image management focuses on rhetoric.
Comparison between "classical poetry" and "modern poetry": "Poetry" is the soul of images in both senses. The poetic concept of "thinking" in Ancient Poems expresses gentleness, tenderness, sadness and no resentment, emphasizes the spirit of freedom and openness, states the situation in a frank way, and the communication between feelings is indispensable.
Poetry has the following main parts:
(A) the origin of poetry
Poetry is the oldest and most literary style. Labor and folk songs, which originated from ancient people, were originally the general names of poems and songs. No matter the beginning of poetry and song, poetry and music and dance are together, which are collectively called poetry. China's poetry has a long history and rich heritage, such as the Book of Songs, Songs of the South, Hanshu and other works of countless poets. Poetry in western Europe is open source from the creation of Homer in ancient Greece, Sappho and Vergi in ancient Rome, and Horace, a poet.
(B) the characteristics of poetry
Poetry is a literary genre that highly summarizes social life, full of the author's thoughts and feelings, rich in imagination, strong in language and image, distinctive in rhythm, harmonious in phonology, rich in musical beauty, concise and concise, and exquisite in structure.
He Qifang, a modern poet and literary critic in China, said: "Poetry is a literary style that focuses on social life, full of imagination and feelings, often expressed in a direct lyrical way, and its language is different from that of prose in a refined and harmonious degree, especially in a distinctive rhythm." The definition of this annotation sums up several basic characteristics of poetry: first, it is highly concentrated and generally reflects life; second, it is lyrical and full of rich thoughts and feelings; Third, imaginative, associative and imaginative; Fourth, the beauty of language and music.
(C) the performance of poetry practice
There are many ways to express poetry, and China's first epidemic is still frequently used.
Traditional customs are "acquired, compared and prospered". "Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "Poetry has six colors: Yue Feng, Fu in February, Bi in March, Xing in April, Elegance and Ode."
The "wind, elegance and surge" in the "six arts" refers to the poetic style of The Book of Songs, and "Fu, Bi and Jing" are the expressive methods of poetry.
Fu: directly state the expression of things. Zhu Zai, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in the annotation of Poetry Talk: "Fu, Cang Fu and Chen Zhizun are examples." For example, "Ge Tan" and "Fu Yi" in The Book of Songs are used in this way.
Metaphor: Metaphor is a way to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Environment", he said: "What is Bi He also? To cover-attach, and fear of cutting's also. " Zhu said to him, "What is the ratio?" For example, the chapter of "The Book of Songs" and "Storytelling" was written in this way.
Xing: Young children are the effect of vigorous development, that is, starting from something, they arouse the feeling of describing things and draw up the performance. Don Kong Ying Da's Mao Zhengyi said: "Xing, from also. Reply from the class, others from the heart, all poems quoted from well-meaning animals to see, all speeches also. " Zhu pointed out more clearly: "The words spoken before the prosperity are also spoken by the choir." For example, articles such as "Guan Ju" and "Tao Yao Men" in The Book of Songs are expressed by means of "Xing".
These three methods of expression have been handed down and often used comprehensively, which have a great supplementary influence on previous poetry creation.
There are many ways to express poetry. History has been developing constantly, and its application is also flexible, exaggerated, repeated, overlapping and jumping. , to refer to. However, all kinds of methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is a major feature of poetry and the most important expression of poetry. In poetry, another important symbol is the way of expression. Symbol can be said to be "for a symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, the symbol of the soul is expressed as a direct image, which is worth noting. In modern times, there are three main ways to shape poetry images:
1. analogy. Liu Xie's book Wen Xin Diao Long says: Metaphor is "in sound or metaphor, or in ancient times, or care, or in mind, or in things". Among the poems we have listed, there are many examples in front. There is also a commonly used metaphor, that is, "to people": to people's needs, or to people's needs. The former is like Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Cambridge: I take it lightly,/I am very quiet,/I wave my hand gently,/the west deviates from the clouds. /Liu that river,/is the sunset of the bride; /Yan is in the shadow,/My heart is in the sun. "Cloud" and "Golden Willow" are all regarded as one person. For people, such as Love's Because of the Wind: ... My heart/you are bright, like candlelight outside the window/a slight doubt/an inevitable trend/because of the wind/... love for the whole health/light a lamp/I am a fire/may go out at any time/because of the wind. "My heart" is more vigil by candlelight than my lamp. Of course, in the final analysis, the real thing is "people-oriented".
2. it's exaggerated. It is to enlarge what is depicted, just like the "hat" and "close-up" lens in the movie, to attract readers' attention and association. Li Bai's "Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun's" (Gift), "Liu Fei goes to thousands of feet, and it is suspected that it is Feijiu Yinhe", in which "Deep thousands of feet" and "Three thousands of feet" are not the facts, but the image he created, which vividly shows the characteristics of things and the poet's passion. Readers can not only accept it, but also be convinced and have great surprises. However, this exaggeration must be artistic and beautiful, and should not be too absurd or too real, Tai Su. For example, there is a poem describing the bumper harvest of cotton: "A cotton bag/Alice crushed by the head of a truck/Alice on the head, the drink is high/like an anti-aircraft gun." People who read books think it is a lie, but they can't feel the beauty.
3. by replacement. He's here to change things. Compared with the same kind.
Yes, but different, the difference is: things that are more common than comparable ones are concrete and visible. It is one side. By replacing the concrete and more abstract side, it bridges the gap between the abstract and the concrete, making the image of poetry clearer and more prominent, and arousing readers' association. This is what Ai Qing said: "Ideas give clothes the feeling of wings, give color to sounds and solidify changes".
The shaping of the image of poetry can not only depict the picture by using the perspective of the absorbed material, but also embody the image in various ways by using the materials accepted by the senses such as hearing and touch, so as to be vivid, dramatic and vivid. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said that when riding a donkey, "torii towers the tree and the monk pushes the door down", but he thought that "the monk knocks at the door" was enough. What is "pushing" or "hitting"? It is called a hand shape, which actually blocked the donkey of a senior official. This person is Han Yu, a great writer. According to Jia Xianggao, when the guards took the horse to his Jia's house, it was better to use it for a long time. Because of the "knock" sound, there was one or two soul knocks on the door by the mountain spring river, which made the scene "alive" and it was particularly quiet. The classification of poetic style is a complicated problem. Now just from a general point of view, simply talk about the poetic style of the Han, Wei, Six Dynasties, Tang and Song Dynasties.
Poems of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties are generally called archaic poems, including ancient poems of Yuefu in the Han and Wei Dynasties, folk songs of Yuefu in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and literati poems in this period. Yuefu was originally the name of the official office. Yuefu songs are collected by Yuefu organs and sung with music scores. "Wen Xin Diao Long Yuefu" says: "Where Le Yan is a poem, it sounds like a song." From this, we can see the relationship between the three concepts of poetry, song and Yuefu: poetry refers to the lyrics made by poets, song refers to the music that matches poetry, and Yuefu refers to both. Later, the works written by copying the old theme of Yuefu or imitating Yuefu genre were also called Yuefu, although there was no soundtrack. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and others started the new Yuefu movement, created new themes and wrote current events, so it was called the new Yuefu.
From the metrical point of view, the poetic style after the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into two categories: modern poetry and ancient poetry. Modern poetry, also known as modern poetry, has certain meter. Classical poetry, also called archaic style, is written according to the practice of ancient poetry, and its form is relatively free, and it is not bound by metrical rules.
Judging from the number of words in poetry, there are four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems. Four words are four words, five words are five words and seven words are seven words. After the Tang Dynasty, there were few four-character poems, so they were usually divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems. Five-character ancient poems are referred to as five ancient poems for short; Seven-character ancient poems are referred to as seven ancient poems; The use of three, five and seven characters at the same time is generally considered as seven ancient characters. Five-character verse is referred to as five laws for short, limited to eight sentences and forty words; Seven-character metrical poems are abbreviated as seven laws, and are limited to eight sentences and fifty-six words. More than eight sentences are called long method, which is also called exclusive method. The long method is generally a five-character poem. Only four sentences are called quatrains; Five lines * * 20 words, seven lines * * 28 words. There are two kinds of quatrains: absolute and ancient. The law should be restricted by Pingqimi, and the ancient law should not be restricted by Pingqimi. The ancient absolutely is generally limited to the five absolutely.
1953 used the name "Modern Poetry Society" for the first time-it was established when Ji Xian founded the "Modern Poetry Society". The significance of modern poetry;
1. The form is free.
2. The connotation is open.
3. Image management is more important than rhetoric.
Comparison between "classical poetry" and "modern poetry": poets are all formed by feeling things and are the reflection of their hearts. "Classical Poetry" expresses tenderness, tenderness, sadness and no resentment with the poetic view of "thinking innocently", emphasizing "between solvable and unsolvable". "Modern poetry" emphasizes the spirit of freedom and openness, and communicates "between the sensible and the intangible" with straightforward situational statements.
Poetry mainly has the following parts:
(A) the origin of poetry
Poetry is the oldest and most literary style. Labor songs and folk songs, which originated from ancient people, were originally the floorboard of poems and songs. At first, there was no distinction between poetry and song, but poetry and music and dance were combined into one, collectively called poetry. China's poems have a long history and rich heritage, such as The Book of Songs, Songs of the South, Han Yuefu and the works of countless poets. Poetry in western Europe was created by ancient Greek poets Homer and Sappho and ancient Roman poets Virgil and Horace.
(B) the characteristics of poetry
Poetry is a highly concentrated literary genre that reflects social life. Full of the author's thoughts and feelings and rich imagination. Its language is concise and vivid, with distinct rhythm, harmonious rhyme and rich musical beauty. The sentences are generally in rows and pay attention to the beauty of structural form.
He Qifang, a modern poet and literary critic in China, once said: "Poetry is the literary style that most strongly reflects social life. It is full of rich imagination and feelings, and it is often expressed in a direct lyrical way. Moreover, in the degree of exquisiteness and harmony, especially in the distinct rhythm, its language and prose are different. " This definition summarizes several basic characteristics of poetry: first, it reflects life in a highly concentrated and general way; The second is lyrical expression, full of rich thoughts and feelings; Third, rich imagination, association and fantasy; Fourth, language has musical beauty.
(C) the expression of poetry
There are many ways to express poetry, which was first popular in China and is still often used today.
The traditional expression method is "Fu, Bi and Xing". "Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance and the sixth is fu."
In the six meanings, "style, elegance and praise" refers to the types of poems in the Book of Songs, and "Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expressions in poems.
Fu: It is a way to express things directly. Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in the Notes on Poems: "The giver must tell the truth." For example, Ge Tan and Slug in The Book of Songs used this technique.
Bobby: It's a figurative way to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Xing": "And what is Bi Ye? Cover things with attachments and threaten to cut them off. " Zhu said, "If you compare, you can compare this thing with another." For example, books in The Book of Songs, such as Cats and Storytelling, are written in this way.
Xing: It's a way to make things interesting, that is, to use the beginning of things to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius said in "Mao Shi Zheng Yi": "Those who get the Tao are happy. Take the metaphor as an example. Those who quote plants, birds and beasts in poetry and prose are happy. " Zhu pointed out more clearly: "If you are interested, you should say something else first to arouse the words you are reciting." For example, Guan Ju in The Book of Songs is the expression of "Xing".
These three methods of expression have been handed down all the time, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties.
There are many forms of expression of poetry, which are constantly developing and creating since ancient times, and their application is also flexible, exaggerated, repetitive, overlapping, jumping and so on. It's hard to describe. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important form of expression of poetry. In poetry, there is also an important technique of expression, which is symbol. Symbol simply means "symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, symbol is the direct image of the soul and should be paid attention to. From a modern point of view, there are three main ways to create images in poetry:
1. Compare. Liu Xie said in the book Wen Xin Diao Long: Metaphor is "either a sound metaphor, a figurative metaphor, a mental metaphor or a metaphor." There are many examples in the poems we listed before. There is also a more commonly used technique, that is, "personification": personification with things or personification with people. The former is like Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Cambridge: I left gently/just as I came gently; /I waved gently,/saying goodbye to the clouds in the western sky. /the golden willow by the river,/the bride in the sunset; /Beautiful shadows in the waves,/rippling in my heart. Treat "clouds" and "golden willows" as people. People imitate things, for example, Love's Because of the Wind: ... My heart/as bright as the candlelight in your window/slightly ambiguous/inevitable/because of the wind/... with the love of my life/light a lamp/I am a fire/may go out at any time/because of the wind. Compare "my heart" to candlelight, and compare me to a lamp. Of course, in the final analysis, the essence is "personification".
2. exaggeration. It is to enlarge the things to be described, just like the "capitalization" and "close-up" shots in the movie, to attract readers' attention and association. Li Bai's Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, so it is not as good as Wang Lun (for Wang Lun), "Flying down three thousands of feet, suspecting that the Milky Way will fall for nine days" (Looking at Lushan Waterfall), in which "deep thousands of feet" and "three thousands of feet" are mentioned, although it is not true, the image he created vividly shows the characteristics of things and expresses the poet's passion, which is not only acceptable to readers. However, this exaggeration must be artistic and aesthetic, not too absurd, not too real, and not too vulgar. For example, there is a poem describing the harvest of cotton: "A bag of cotton is wrapped/the truck head is tilted/tilted, three feet high/like an anti-aircraft gun." After reading it, people feel unreal and can't feel good.
3. Metonymy. Is to replace that thing with this thing. It is similar to analogy.
There are differences, but they are different. The difference lies in: analogy is generally compared, and comparison is concrete and visible; Metonymy is concrete on the one hand and abstract on the other, which bridges the gap between concrete and abstract, makes the image of poetry more vivid and prominent, and arouses readers' association. This is what Ai Qing said, "Put wings on your thoughts, put clothes on your feelings, color your voice, and let the dead solidify."
To shape the image of poetry, we should not only use the materials taken from perspective to describe the picture, but also use the materials obtained from the senses such as hearing and touch to reflect the image in many ways, so as to be vivid and novel. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, rode on a donkey and sang "Birds by the pool stay in the trees, and monks push the door down on the moon", but he also thought that "monks knock on the door down on the moon" could be used. He couldn't decide whether to "push" or "knock", so he made a consultation with his hand. Unexpectedly, the donkey blocked a big official's way. This man is Han Yu, a great writer. When the guards led Jia Dao to the horse, Jia told the truth. Han hesitated for a long time and said it was better to knock at the door. Because there is a "knock" sound, there are one or two knocks on the door on the moonlit night in the mountains, which makes the scene "live" and makes the environment more silent. "Wuti" and "Zhong" beside Fengqiao Bridge are also the crowning touch of this poem. There is also the music description in Bai Juyi's Pipa, which is "like pouring pearls of all sizes into a plate of jade". It is very vivid and wonderful! Modern, such as Huang Helang's "Morning Song": "There is also a stubborn listening/wind, rain, waves/faint/dawn/the morning bell of Lingquan Temple/like a gushing spring/a distant response/a faint knock/a few sparse stars/cocks crowing/as if crossing the ocean/chickens crowing at sunrise/like the tide. This poem is also well written. Therefore, if we master the skills of creating images with sound, it will open up a broader field for poetry creation.
Whether it is metaphor, exaggeration or metonymy, it depends on the poet's keen observation of objective things, his own feelings and bold imagination.
To fantasy. It can be said that neither romance nor reality is a poet without imagination (fantasy). For example, Li Bai, who is famous for his boldness, has rich imagination and magnificent poetic style, and Du Fu, who is famous for his realism, also wrote, "When did you suddenly see this house in front of you?" ("The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind") and "She has a fragrant cloud and a foggy mist, and her jade shoulders are cold. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? "(Moonlit Night) and so on.