Wang Anshi in the Yuan Dynasty, Song Dynasty
The sound of firecrackers made one year old, and
Spring breeze sent warmth into Tu Su.
every family is busy,
always changing new peaches into old ones.
About the author: Wang Anshi, born in the fifth year of Tianxi (121 BC), died in the first year of Yuan You (186 BC). His name was Jiefu, and his name was Mid-Levels, and he was named Duke Jing in the small print. He was also known as Duke Jing in the world and Mr. Linchuan in the world. Linchuan, Fuzhou (now from Liyang Village, Shangchi, dongxiang county, Fuzhou), Han nationality. An outstanding politician, thinker, writer and reformer in the Northern Song Dynasty, he was one of the eight masters of ancient prose in Tang and Song Dynasties. He has made outstanding achievements in the literature of the Northern Song Dynasty. His poems, "Learning from Du Fu is thin and hard", are good at reasoning and rhetoric, good at using allusions, vigorous and powerful in style, exquisite in police, and profound in sentiment. He is the author of Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan. He was born in a small official family. Father's benefit, word loss, was a judge of Linjiang army, and he served as several state and county officials throughout his life. An Shi is less fond of reading, has a strong memory and is well educated. In the second year of Qingli (142), he was ranked fourth in the list of scholars of Yang Jian, and successively served as the judge of Huainan, the magistrate of Yinxian County, the judge of Shuzhou, the magistrate of Changzhou, and the official of Jiandian Jiangdong Criminal Prison. In the fourth year of Zhiping (167), Shenzong acceded to the throne at the beginning, Zhao 'an knew jiangning house from the stone, and he was summoned as a bachelor of Hanlin. In the second year of Xining (169), he was promoted to participate in political affairs. Since the third year of Xining, he has twice served as a reformer and promoted the new law. After Xi Ning's nine-year strike, he lived in seclusion and died of illness in Zhongshan, Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and posthumous title. Its political reform had a profound influence on the social economy in the early Song Dynasty, and it had the characteristics of modern changes. It was praised by Lenin as "the greatest reformer in China in the 11th century".
[ Edit this paragraph] Politician Wang Anshi
celebrated the second year of the Qing Dynasty (142), and Wang Anshi took the fourth place as a scholar. He signed books in Huainan (Yangzhou) to save the official business and know Yinxian County (now Zhejiang). Years of experience as a local official made Wang Anshi realize that the root of social poverty in the Song Dynasty was merger, and the crisis faced by the feudal rule in the Song Dynasty was "worrying about the country internally, but not fearing the barbarians externally". Therefore, Wang Anshi, in the Wanyan Book written by Zhao Zhen in Song Renzong in the third year of Jiayou (158), demanded a comprehensive reform of statutes since the early Song Dynasty to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness. Taking the fact that Sima Yan, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Li Longji in the history only wanted to "relax" and did not seek reform, they finally fell, for example, Wang Anshi had a rare sense of urgency for the reform, and shouted loudly: "If the ancient times are accurate, the world can be safe and chaotic, so don't rush to today when it is possible", demanding immediate reform of statutes; Otherwise, Han died in the Yellow turban insurrectionary, and the history of Tang's death in Huang Chao will repeat itself, and the Song Dynasty will also embark on the road of destruction. The feudal scholar-officials also pinned their high hopes on Wang Anshi, expecting him to come to power as soon as possible. At the beginning of Xining, Wang Anshi, as the minister of Hanlin bachelor's attendants, discussed the way of governing the country with young Song Shenzong Song Shenzong, which won Song Shenzong's appreciation. In the second year of Xining (169), Wang Anshi became an advisor in politics, and the next year, he was promoted to prime minister and began to vigorously carry out reforms.
The purpose of Wang Anshi's political reform is to enrich Qiang Bing, so as to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty and consolidate the rule of the landlord class. Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the top priority for the prime minister, explained the relationship between political affairs and financial management, and pointed out that "political affairs are the reason for financial management, and financial management is the so-called righteousness." More importantly, before Wang Anshi came to power, he believed that only on the basis of developing production can the national financial problem be solved: "The wealth of the world is generated by the power of the world, and the wealth of the world is taken for the expenses of the world." After taking office, Wang Anshi continued to give play to this view, and once pointed out: "Those who have not done anything today are short of money, so I take financial management as the first priority", while "financial management is urgent for agriculture, and farmers are urgent for getting rid of their sufferings, restraining mergers and rushing to agriculture". In this reform, Wang Anshi put the development of production at the top of the list as a top priority. Wang Anshi believes that in order to develop production, the first thing is to "go to (laborers) suffering, curb mergers, and enjoy agriculture", mobilize the enthusiasm of laborers, and make those idlers return to the front line of production. The harvest depends on people rather than on the sky. To achieve this goal, the state power needs to formulate corresponding principles and policies and carry out top-down reforms throughout the country. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in the reform, he did not approve of the state's excessive intervention in social production and economic life, opposed to excessive patent expropriation, and put forward and adhered to the proposition and practice of "not too much monopoly law". Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, such as irrigation and water conservancy, young crops, exemption from service, equal loss, easy market, exemption from bank money, and the system of mining tax, and launched a wide range of social reforms from agriculture to handicrafts and commerce, and from rural to urban areas. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system to improve the quality and combat effectiveness of the army and strengthen the control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. Wang Anshi personally wrote Zhou Liyi, Shu Yi and Shi Yi, the so-called Three Classics and New Meanings, which provided new teaching materials for school education reform.
The political reform violated the interests of the conservatives and was opposed by them. Therefore, Wang Anshi and JaeHee Ning went on strike for the first time in seven years. In particular, due to the disagreement between Wang Anshi, the designer of the reform, and Song Shenzong, the supreme host of the reform, Wang Anshi could not get more support after the reunification and could not continue the reform. Coupled with the internal division of the Reform School and the death of his son Wang Kan, Wang Anshi resigned as prime minister for the second time in Xining nine years, and has lived in jiangning house since then. In the first year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (186), conservatives gained power, and all previous new laws were abolished. The reversal of the political situation made Wang Anshi deeply uneasy. When he heard that the exemption law had also been abolished, he could not help but say with indignation, "That's enough!" Soon he died of depression.
[ Edit this paragraph] Historical evaluation
There are many different historical evaluations of Wang Anshi's political reform. During the Northern Song Dynasty, its opponents criticized it by revising history. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the reform was again characterized by the method of revising history, and it was pointed out that Wang Anshi's reform led to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty (it was said that the Southern Song court was trying to shirk the responsibility of the royal family). Later dynasties used this as a basis to make such judgments on its reform, so that there were articles devoted to irony in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
However, some scholars in Wang Anshi's hometown argued for the reasons of fellow villagers, such as Lu Jiuyuan.
With the development of history to modern times, China has suffered unprecedented changes, and the voice of reform is increasing day by day. Therefore, Wang Anshi's political reform has been positively evaluated. The main figures are Liang Qichao and Yan Fu, who call for the spirit of reform from the needs of social reality. Later, there were more and more researches on Wang Anshi's political reform, which was popularized in the Republic of China.
after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Wang Anshi was evaluated mainly from the perspective of class, and later this method was gradually abolished, and his reform was viewed from the perspective of specific interests. The main researchers are Qi Xia and Deng Guangming.
overseas, Huang Renyu, a Chinese-American historian, thinks that Wang Anshi's many reforms involved large-scale commerce and number management in China at that time, but they were not accommodated in the official culture at that time and lacked relevant technical ability, so they could not succeed.
in the second year of zong Xining (169), Wang Anshi began to implement new laws and adopted a series of reform measures. In the second year, Sima Guang wrote a long letter of more than 3,3 words to Wang Anshi, listing the disadvantages of implementing the new law and asking Wang Anshi to abandon the new law and restore the old system. "Reply to Sima's suggestion" is Wang Anshi's reply: "If you really blame me for being in office for a long time and failing to help the people, then someone knows the crime. If you say that today you should do nothing and just do what you did before, it is beyond someone's dare to know." The so-called "not afraid of clouds covering your eyes, you are at the highest level." It is the portrayal of Wang Anshi.
[ Edit this paragraph] Wang Anshi's political reform
Because he was deeply appreciated by Shenzong, in the second year of Xining (169), Wang Anshi became a political advisor, and the next year, he was promoted to prime minister, and began to vigorously carry out reforms and carry out political reforms. Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the top priority for the prime minister, explained the relationship between political affairs and financial management, and believed that only on the basis of developing production can the national financial problems be solved well. After taking office, Wang Anshi continued to give play to this view. In the reform, he took the development of production as a top priority and placed it in the first place. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in the reform, he did not approve of the state's excessive intervention in social production and economic life, opposed to excessive patent expropriation, and put forward and adhered to the proposition and practice of "not too much monopoly law". Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, and launched a wide range of social reforms from agriculture to handicrafts and commerce, from rural areas to cities. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system to improve the quality and combat effectiveness of the army and strengthen the control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. The political reform violated the interests of big landlords and bureaucrats, and the Empress Dowager, royalty and conservative literati and officialdom combined to oppose the political reform. Therefore, Wang Anshi went on strike for the first time in the seventh year of JaeHee Ning (174). See you again the following year. Wang Anshi could not get more support after the resumption of the phase, so he could not continue to carry out the reform. Yu Xining resigned as prime minister for the second time in the ninth year (176) and has lived in jiangning house since then. In the first year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (186), conservatives gained power, and all previous new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi died of depression soon.
[ Edit this paragraph] Writer Wang Anshi
Wang Anshi is not only an outstanding politician and thinker, but also an outstanding writer. In order to realize his political ideal, he closely linked literary creation with political activities, emphasizing that the role of literature lies in serving the society first. He opposed the vague and weak style of writing of Yang Yi and Liu Yun of Xikun School, and thought that "the so-called writers are just doing something to make up for the world." The so-called resignation, still have carved paintings. Sincerely make Qiaoxian China, it is not necessary to apply it; If you apply it, you don't have to be clever and flashy. It is necessary to be application-oriented, and to be engraved with paintings. " It is precisely because Anshi regards the "application" view of "serving the world well" as the foundation of literary creation that his works reveal the disadvantages of the times and reflect social contradictions with a strong political color. Today, there are Wang Linchuan Collection, Collection of Linchuan Collection and Songs of Mr. Linchuan.
Wang Anshi is one of the "Eight Masters" in Tang and Song Dynasties. His prose is vigorous and concise, and it is extraordinary and steep. Most of them are essays in the form of books, tables, notes and preface, expounding political opinions and opinions and serving political reform and innovation. These articles have clear views and profound analysis on current political or social issues. The long articles are horizontal but not simple, while the short ones are broken but not thin. The Book of Emperor Shangren's Words is a masterpiece advocating social change. Based on the in-depth analysis of the internal and external diplomatic difficulties in the Northern Song Dynasty, it puts forward a complete proposal for political reform, showing the author's progressive thought of "starting from the disease of the people and ruling the country". "Nothing happened in this dynasty for a hundred years", while describing and explaining the peaceful situation and reasons in the early Song Dynasty for more than a hundred years, pointed out sharply the social problems that were in danger at that time, expecting the religious Sect to make political achievements, and thought that "it is today when there is great potential". It played a prelude to the government that began to be implemented in the second year. Answering Sima's Advice, with hundreds of words, sternly refuted Sima Guang's accusation that the new law was invading officials, causing troubles, demanding profits and refusing to give advice. It was short and concise, and its wording was appropriate, which reflected the author's resolute and principled statesmanship. Anshi's political essays, whether long or short, are very rigorous in structure, excellent in ideas, thorough in reasoning, and simple and concise in language. "Only one or two words can sweep away a large number of others" (Liu Xizai's "Art Outline. Text Outline"), which has strong generality and logical power. At this time, it played a positive role in promoting political reform and consolidating the achievements of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. Some of Anshi's essays, such as Gun Shuo, Reading the Biography of Meng Changjun, Biography of the Book Assassin, and Shang Zhongyong, are well-known, which evaluate the characters, have strong brushwork, sharp style and rich feelings, giving people a fresh sense of clarity. He also has a part of landscape travel prose, "The Creation of the City's Pit Courtyard", which is concise, lively and labor-saving, just like Liu Zongyuan; "A Journey to Baochan Mountain" not only records a journey, but also makes sense. The two are closely and naturally combined. Even if the abstract truth is vivid and vivid, it adds ideological depth to the specific notes, making the layout flexible and tortuous.
Wang Anshi's poems can be roughly divided into pre-period and post-period, with obvious differences in content and style. "Wang Jing-gong is less self-confident, so his poetic language is only what he wants, and he is no longer more restrained ... Later, he became a group of shepherds, and he made a fake collection of poems in the Tang Dynasty from the Song Dynasty, and learned from it, and he began to have a deep and unpretentious interest in his later years" (Ye Mengde's Shilin Poetry Talk). The poems in the early period were good at reasoning, with a clear tendency, involving many major and sharp societies. The problems noticed the suffering of the lower class and made a voice of injustice for them. Feelings, Merger, Saving Soldiers, etc. describe and prompt the weakness of the national situation or the corruption of internal affairs in the Song Dynasty from the political, economic and military aspects, point out the harm to the country and the people caused by the annexation of land by big landlords and businessmen, and put forward the suggestion of "selecting the best soldiers"; "Collecting Salt" and "Hebei People" reflect the tragic experience of the people at that time who were forced and oppressed by the rulers. "In the Examination Room" and "Examination Paper" directly criticized the imperial examination system of giving scholars with poems, demanding the use of talents who can help the country; "Yuanri" and "Song Yuanfeng" enthusiastically eulogized the new atmosphere and people's joy brought by the political reform; Shang Yang and Jia Sheng, etc., expressed their new views and progressive significance by valuing the merits and demerits of historical figures. An Shi's reclusive life in his later period brought about his poetic creation. He lingered and reveled in the countryside, with a narrow theme, and a large number of poems about scenery and objects took the place of political poems in the early stage, expressing a leisurely interest. However, the artistic expression is perfect. "Elegant and exquisite, get rid of the vulgar, and every irony will sink between the teeth and cheeks." Poems such as "The Story of Houshan Poems" and "Boating a Boat and Guazhou", "On the River", "Plum Blossom" and "Mr. Yin's Wall in the Book Lake" are carefully observed, exquisite and exquisite, and their artistic conception is remote and fresh, showing their praise and love for the beauty of nature, which has always been told by people.
In terms of poetic style, Anshi's ancient poems are full of allusions and arguments, but like Ming Fei Qu and Tao Yuan Xing, they are novel in conception, full of emotion and rich imagination. Rhyme is stable in words and appropriate in antithesis, but there are