Keywords: Zi Di Shu; "A Dream of Red Mansions"; language; colloquial sayings; popularization
Zi Di Shu is a kind of popular literature and art, and its use of popular language is Inevitably, this has also become a characteristic of its language. Among the works based on many novels and dramas, the more than 20 works adapted from the novel "Dream of Red Mansions" are generally more elegant, especially such as "Daiyu's Sad Autumn", "Burial of Flowers", "Dew" "Tears" and so on. The use of allusions, parallelism and arrangement of parallel sentences give people a very elegant and solemn feeling. But it does use simple language to write stories about Red Mansions.
According to the "Modern Chinese Dictionary", "slang" means "popular and widely popular stereotyped sentences, concise and visual, mostly created by the working people, reflecting the people's (1996 revised edition, Commercial Press)
According to statistics, there are 315 sayings in "A Dream of Red Mansions", including "common sayings". There are 48 articles in the first eighty chapters and seven in the last forty chapters, totaling 55 articles. There are 17 articles in the first eighty chapters and eight in the last forty chapters. There are 25 items in total; there are 4 items with the article "often spoken" in the first 80 chapters, but none in the last 40 chapters. The researcher also concluded that the character who quoted the most common sayings in "A Dream of Red Mansions" is Wang Xifeng,** * 57. Chapter 65 contains the most common sayings, with a total of 16. There are 268 folk proverbs, 11 idioms, 52 sayings, and 7 proverbs created by Cao Xueqin. , is a relatively broad concept, which should include folk proverbs, idioms, ancient poems and sayings. Therefore, setting a standard for the common sayings used in "A Dream of Red Mansions" refers to folk proverbs, ancient sayings, maxims, sayings, etc., created and created by the working people. In the "Book of Rites·University", a summary of people's oral experience, it is said: "Proverbs are also common sayings. "The biggest feature of colloquial sayings is their popularity and universal circulation. Cao Xueqin's attitude towards colloquial sayings was clear as early as the first chapter: "Although I have no knowledge and no literature, why not use fake language to perform it? Isn't it appropriate to make the boudoir known, to break the temporary boredom, and to awaken the eyes of colleagues?" The "village dialect" is a common saying. The citation of common sayings in literary works did not start with Cao Xueqin. It started from the Song Dynasty Since the Yuan Dynasty and Zaju, it has been common to quote common sayings in literary works. According to rough statistics, "The Plum in the Golden Lotus" quotes more than 700 common sayings, which is almost twice as many as in "A Dream of Red Mansions". p>
Let's discuss the origin of the sayings in "A Dream of Red Mansions".
First, the novels and operas of the Yuan, Ming and early Qing dynasties had a direct impact on the creation of "A Dream of Red Mansions". " is the drama that has the greatest influence on Cao Xueqin's creation. Whether it is the theme or the plot, many plots in the original "A Dream of Red Mansions" are derived from "The Romance of the West Chamber". For example, in the forty-third chapter, Jia Baoyu gathers earth for incense and sacrifices it to Mrs. Wang privately. Jin Chuan, who was persecuted to death, wrote a blessing while smoking a cigarette when he was a child. It was born out of the third chapter of the first chapter of "The Romance of the West Chamber" in which the mandarin ducks dropped incense and the third column was silent. . From a linguistic point of view, many lyrics and dialogues in "The Romance of the West Chamber" are absorbed from "A Dream of Red Mansions", such as "There must be a matchmaker's newspaper outside the screen window", "Every day I feel sleepy" and so on. The most typical example is the second chapter of the fourth book of "The Romance of the West Chamber", where the matchmaker scolded Zhang Sheng: "You are so young but not pretty. Bah! You are a silver pewter spearhead. "Dream of Red Mansions" Chapter 23 Daiyu scolded Baoyu and said: "Bah! You are a seedling but not beautiful. You are a silver-like pewter spear head. The second is historical classics and ancient poems." In the fifteenth chapter of "Dream of Red Mansions", "Far water cannot rescue the near thirsty" comes from "Han Feizi"; the "sky net is vast, sparse but not leaking" used in the sixty-fifth chapter is found in Laozi's "Tao Te Ching"; "The unfortunate fate of a beautiful woman comes from Su Dongpo's poem "Since ancient times, beauties have had a bad life" and so on.
The third is the most important source and the most abundant common saying, which is cited in Cao Xueqin's "A Dream of Red Mansions". Some of the sayings that were popular in Beijing at that time, especially among the Banner people, were taken directly from spoken language, such as "I have never eaten pork and I have seen pigs running" (Chapter 16), "Walk in the car." "Grandpa, grandson on crutches" (24 chapters), "Mixed noodles under the clear water, you eat and I see" (65 chapters), etc. These occupy a considerable proportion in the novel, fresh, interesting, and simple Naturally.
Fourth, there are some sayings in "A Dream of Red Mansions" that were created by Cao Xueqin. Conversations, elegant games, and touching situations bring spring to life. Hearing his strange talk so eloquently makes one untiring all day long. It is the best of its kind. "It can be seen that Cao Xueqin is a very interesting and humorous person. For example, the protective amulet with the main theme in the work, and the good song with the meaning of doggerel, etc. Therefore, most of the common sayings in "A Dream of Red Mansions" come from novels of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Most of the operas came from the folk at that time, a small part came from historical classics and ancient poems, and very few were created by Cao Xueqin based on "current proverbs".
So it comes directly from the folk art of rap and rap. The common sayings in Zi Di Shu are widely used. Their sources are roughly Yuan, Ming and Qing operas, novels, previous poems, lyrics and music, historical classics, and more from the popular spoken language and Sayings, proverbs, etc. Mr. Fu Xihua, a dramatist and folklorist, once said: "The children's book...Although the words and sentences are sometimes close to slang and are familiar to women and children, their descriptions of emotions are refreshing, their descriptions of scenes are in people's ears and eyes, and their descriptions are as if they were spoken; It is extremely true, kind and beautiful. The artistic conception is so wonderful that it is probably incompetent except for the Yuan Dynasty. "∞" The words "Women and children all know" here show the popular nature of Zi Di's calligraphy, which is even close to "simple". Only by using common sayings and slang to create works can it have the advantage of being popularized among the people. Zi Di Shu uses sentences of seven-character rhymed poetry, and then uses some fragmentary sentences with other characters as padding. This is its syntactic base. Mr. Qi Gong analyzed that: "It is precisely because he is not deeply cultivated, that is, he is less restricted by the frame, that he can have such courage." "In fact, Du Fu may not think as much as the interpreter of poetry when he writes poetry." "The achievement of disciples' books lies precisely in their courage and shallowness."
So what common sayings are used in the 28 disciples' books on "Dream of Red Mansions"? The author summarizes it as follows:
"Second Entry into Rongguo Mansion" Chapter 1 Liu Lao Lao's Sayings"Second Entry into Rongguo Mansion" Chapter 4 Wang Xifeng's Sayings
3. Older people's words Kiss the old man. The narrator's words in Chapter 5 of "Second Entry into the Rongguo Mansion"
5. The ancients danced happily on their knees with clouds and water, and there were old relatives in spotted clothes in the hall. The narrator's words in Chapter 8 of "Second Entry into the Rongguo Mansion"
6. The ancients said that a mother who loves her relatives and loves her relatives must be a filial son and a virtuous grandson. "Second Entry into the Rongguo Mansion" Chapter 9 Baoyu Yu
7. Since ancient times, the two characters of chastity have been fundamental and have never changed. "Hibiscus Elegy" Chapter 4 Qingwen Yu
8. People say that it is better to come and meet her because she is famous. The fifth chapter of "Hibiscus Era" is about the Deng girl's words (Qingwen's cousin)
9. How can a person be reborn after death? The sixth chapter of "The Furong Era" is about Daiyu's words
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10. The unfortunate beauty Lin Daiyu. The narrator's words in the first chapter of "The Dew of Tears"
; 11. It is true that the ancients said that when you are poor, you can read books, but it is not necessarily true that books can relieve boredom. "The Fate of Tears" The fifth saying from Daiyu
12. Unsatisfactory things often happen in the world, so don't pursue it as it happens. "Tears" Chapter 6 Wang Xifeng's words
13. It's better to open the wall and speak frankly. "Tears" Chapter 10 Baochai Yu
15. I have never seen these two ungrateful enemies vomit to death. The first chapter of "Two Jade on the Heart" by Jia Yuyu
The first chapter of "Two Jade on the Heart" Psalms
< 17. The ancients said that time passes easily Beauty is easy to grow old & "Burial of Flowers" Chapter 2 Daiyu Yu
18. I know that your sweet words are concealing the traitor. & "Burial of Flowers" Chapter 4 Daiyu Yu
, Your passionate lady and I share a mandarin duck tent, how can we be willing to fold the quilt and make a bed for me to sleep. & "Burial Flowers" Chapter 4 Baoyu Yu
20. Who knows that time is limited and passes leisurely, and the evening scenery is gone once it is gone. "Sad Autumn" Daiyu's words
21. I whispered that you are the most beautiful person in the country, but I am so sad and sick. &p; "Two Jade Buried in Red" Baoyu Yu
22. It is also a silver-like pewter spear head. ; "Two Jade Buried in Red" Daiyu's words
; 23. Singing a song like flowers and a beautiful family is so sad, but the next sentence is softer. "Two Jade Buried in Red" Narrator's words
24. Listen to the flowing water and falling flowers, and the spring is gone. It's a long time between the world and the sky. ; The narrator's words in "Two Jade Buried in Red"
bsp; The second chapter of "The Banquet in Chenyuan" Liu Lao's old sayings
Which narrates There are 8 common sayings used in the author's language, and the others are from the mouths of the characters in the work. It can be seen that the characters naturally use appropriate spoken language and common sayings in the "Dream of Red Mansions" disciples' books. Then the popularity of the language of Zi Di Shu and the use of common sayings are also reflected in the use of common sayings and spoken words. The use of colloquialisms and colloquialisms is best reflected in character dialogues, and the different personalities of characters are reflected in the dialogues. This has been covered in the previous character theory. Here we might as well take a look at language.
Summarize the most distinctive character language in the children's books of "Dream of Red Mansions". The most distinctive characters using colloquial words and spoken words are Baoyu, Daiyu, Liu Laolao, Fengjie, Deng girl (Qingwen's cousin) and Silly Sister. figure. Let’s first take a look at the common sayings, colloquial words and spoken words mentioned by Bao Dai. As a noble lady, Daiyu uttered 6 proverbs from her mouth, which accounted for a larger proportion. Adding Baoyu's 3 proverbs, the number of proverbs spoken by this pair of young ladies alone was 9. When the two are alone together, their conversations are more casual and they use more colloquial words, which shows the extraordinary relationship between the two.
For example, in "Two Jade Buried in Red", it is written that Baodai buried flowers by the Qinfang Pavilion, which is the warmth and harmony of reading "The Romance of the West Chamber".
; Turning over it again to take note, the gem smacked its lips and shook its head behind the girl.
I whispered that you are the most beautiful person in the country, but I am so sad and sick. After hearing this, this beautiful lady immediately became ashamed.
You said you read evil books to make fun of me, and I became a girl that men played with and made fun of.
As he said that, he left and went to the wife's room to explain the reason.
This Baoyu was busy replying and apologizing, saying, "Sister, please forgive me for being careless with my words."
From now on, I will try to transform myself into a tortoise and wait for my sister to return to autumn after a hundred years.
I will carry my sister’s virtuous calligraphy on the stone and carry it on my back for eternity.
Lin Daiyu couldn't help but burst out laughing when she heard this, saying that it was a silver-colored gun head.
Baoyu said that you should be punished, and I also went to my wife’s room to explain the situation.
Daiyu said that if you can memorize everything you see, there is still one eye and ten lines behind.
In this paragraph, Baoyu quoted words from "The Romance of the West Chamber" on a whim to express his feelings. Daiyu was happy in her heart, but she pretended to be aggrieved on the surface and threatened to go to her wife's room to complain. Anxious, Baoyu teased Daiyu with funny words, saying that he was a "big tortoise" and "I will stand on my sister's back for eternity." This interesting self-curse is an adaptation of the original work. In the original work, Baoyu was anxious to apologize and said: "If you deliberately bully you, tomorrow I will fall into the pond and be eaten by a digger, and I will become completely forgetful." Eight, when you become a 'First Lady' and return to the West tomorrow, I will put a monument on your grave for you." Daiyu also turned her anger into joy, and also quoted the words from "The Romance of the West Chamber" "Bah. It's also like a silver spear head", treating others in their own way. The two protagonists come and go, retreat and advance, showing an intimate, casual and unrestrained relationship. Among them, colloquial vocabulary plays a big role.
For another example, in the fourth chapter of "Sad Autumn", Baoyu and Dai once again had conflicts. Baoyu repeatedly comforted and flattered, but the beauty's anger could not be calmed down. Daiyu's words to him were also very colloquial:
Speaking of driving, sit down for me in a gentle manner. I just went out and couldn't stand the wind outside.
I woke up just now and you came to pester me again. I know that you are the villain in my life.
It doesn’t matter if my wrists are sore and my joints are aching despite pulling and pulling like this.
There are always people talking about her, and she is even more crazy than before.
You know, you should change your temper when you are one year old or two years old.
Why bother spreading the word and causing trouble again? What others say is nice or not.
There is also a word of advice to you, don’t ignore the words of the second master.
Who is like you who only hangs out with girls all the time?
I have never seen a Rougeer often It's red on the man's lips.
Among them, "Let's get started", "You are the villain in my destiny", "Disgusting", "Talk like crazy", "In earshot" Words such as "wind" and "wind" are popular spoken words. From Daiyu's mouth, it can be seen that the relationship between Daiyu and Baoyu is close. Daiyu can criticize Baoyu so unabashedly, while "Devil Star", "Pleasant" Words such as "suspect" also reflect a derogatory meaning.
The colloquial words and colloquial words used in Baodai's language reflect the close relationship between the two. Even if these words are spoken from the mouth of a noble noble lady who is more literary, they appear funny and natural, adding to the interest. , and also enhanced the relationship between the two.
Let’s take a look at the effect of natural spoken language that embodies different personalities but reflects the true character from the mouths of the following characters.
As a rural old woman, Mr. Liu has been discussed and analyzed in a special chapter before. Here is a brief example. It can be said that Mr. Liu’s language is a true reflection of an illiterate rural old lady. "The second entry into the Rongguo Mansion" caused a lot of jokes. Among them, the one that most embodies the innovation of the author of the book is the question and answer asked by the ancestor when he saw Mr. Liu. This article is vulgar, one is polite and modest, and the other is "there are "Wrong Chacha" made the whole room laugh.
Let’s first look at what our ancestors asked:
Because I asked how old my relatives are? Is it sixty or seven? Ten years and sixty years?
Why haven’t I seen my parents-in-law in the past few years? It’s probably because I was in a hurry and alienated from my parents.
If you don't mind being frugal, please stay here. Why not stay here for a few days?
"Gui Geng", "Sixty Years Old", "Seventy Years Old", "Stay", such formal classical Chinese words, it is really strange that Mr. Liu from the rough village can understand them. . It’s no wonder that she misunderstood and answered the question incorrectly;
He replied hurriedly: I was good at farming when I was young, but now I am old and unable to control myself.
My ancestors just asked me how much land I have. How much is it? Two acres of thin sand and four cents.
My home is not far from the city, which is thirty miles away. It is best that I don’t use Qixun and Baxun.
In the past few years, the harvest has been poor and the wheat has been confiscated. Who dares to neglect to break off the relationship because of the busyness.
When the wheat harvest comes next year and we grind some white dry noodles, I will send them to the ancestor girls to try something new.
There is an upper tower and a lower tower in the ruined temple in Beitun. It is boring to walk around for a while.
After a lot of answers, "How much can it be?", "Grind some", "Just do it" and "I'm tired of it". These are the words that Mr. Liu might say. . They are both old women, one is rich and the other is poor, one is elegant and the other is rough. In this language dialogue, their status and cultural accomplishment are all reflected in an extremely vivid and interesting way. For another example, in "San Xuan Ya Pai Ling", Liu Laolao's drinking orders are also very interesting, "Everyone can grow crops", "Qi San'er Qi Si'er is a little baby", "You have to weigh four to five and get the scale quickly", " Could it be that this flower always blooms and never falls, and when it falls, it just forms a big Japanese melon?" and so on. In the "Dream of Red Mansions" disciples' books, Liu Laolao's language has much richer colloquial vocabulary and colloquial vocabulary. This has been covered in the previous analysis of the characters, so I won't go into details.
Sister Feng is not very educated among the young women, and she can only say sentences like "The north wind blew hard all night" when reciting poems. However, her social experience, her knowledge and courage, and her tact and sophistication are unparalleled among young women, not even men. Naturally, she has also developed a good eloquence, and is quite trusted and favored by her ancestors and Mrs. Wang. It is precisely because of her cultural background and knowledge that her language often uses colloquial idioms or colloquial words, showing a relatively popular and even vulgar character. For example, in the sixth chapter of the book "Tears of Dew", "Mistaken Joy", Sister Feng's words to her ancestors after testing Baoyu fully illustrate the color of her language:
Even though he has recovered from his illness, just mentioning the word "Lin" is like honey.
They were talking and laughing happily, and they looked like a living monkey when they came in and out.
Although he was coaxed for the time being, he was afraid that his last would be exposed on the spot.
What should I do if I break Deng Huer? It’s not just that one day good things turn into sorrow!
This is how Sister Feng describes it. Baoyu's excitement after learning that he was going to marry Sister Lin was "like oil in honey", describing his extremely happy and sweet mood as "like a living monkey", which shows that he was almost too happy to be himself.
"last", "break the lantern tiger" and "wu'er" are all colloquial words. "Denghu'er" here means lantern riddles, and "last" originally refers to the model used in making shoes or hats, generally It is made of wood, and the meaning here is "Wudi" which means "this". It can be seen that it is very reasonable for Sister Feng to say such authentic colloquial words in her mouth, and it also increases the image and vividness.