Ruan Ji's "Yong Huai": the emergence of political lyric poetry: the eternal taste of depression and broadmindedness and the faint and tortuous style
In the late Cao Wei period, the political situation was chaotic, and emperors such as Cao Fang and Cao Mao were both dissolute and incompetent. Sima Yi's father and son master the failure of state affairs to kill Cao Fang and Cao Mao and kill dissidents. At this time, the fate of literati was completely different from that of Jian 'an. Those who supported Cao were killed. Ji Kang refused to cooperate with Sima's family and was also killed. Ruan Ji had the ambition to help the world, but he was dissatisfied with Sima's rule, so he escaped persecution by drinking and pretending to be broad-minded, and finally died of depression. Dan Tao was friends with Ruan Ji, Ji Kang and others. He was one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" and later took refuge in Sima's family. Poets in Zhengshi period experienced a sense of crisis and disillusionment when their political ideals faded. Poetry at this time is also very different from Jian 'an poetry circle, with fewer works reflecting people's sufferings and expressing lofty sentiments, and more poems expressing personal worries. Therefore, Ruan Ji's poems are full of love stories (Zhong Rong's poems) and "worrying about life" (Shan Li's Notes on Selected Works), and Ji Kang's poems are also full of feelings (. Influenced by the metaphysical style of Zhengshi, poetry gradually combined with Hyunri, and the style of poetry changed from generosity and tragic in Jian 'an period to profound meaning. Therefore, Zhengshi poetry also embodies its unique artistic style. Yan Yu's "Cang Lang Shi Hua Shi Feng" said: "In time, there is a ... beginning style." Note: "Wei Nianhao, Ji Ruan's poem."
Ruan Ji's masterpiece is "Eighty-two Poems about Love". These poems were not written at one time, but a record of their political feelings. These poems express feelings, opinions and ideals, which created a precedent for political lyric poetry in the history of China literature and had a great influence on later generations.
Ruan Ji's poems are full of depressed and lonely feelings. His poems either describe how time flies and life is impermanent, such as: "Trailer in the southwest, why are you about to fall?" Flowing around the world, suddenly in the evening. The DPRK is proud of being a salt lake. " (18) "Asahi is no longer prosperous, and the west is quiet. If you pitch here, how can it be like nine autumn? " (32) Or write that flowers and trees turn from prosperity to decline, which is a metaphor for the repetition of things, such as: "Peach and plum in the East Garden. The autumn wind blows Hopkins, starting from here. There is embarrassment in the prosperous times, and there is Jingji in the class. " (3) "Yao Lihua, burning with a glow. Happy September is like autumn frost. " (12) "Clear dew is frost, and Chinese grass becomes Artemisia." I can't see the sunset, but I will fly to the side of the road. (53) Or writing about the helplessness of birds, animals, insects and fish to their own destiny, such as solitary birds, cold birds, solitary floods, leaving animals and other images often appear in poems, especially crickets that live in spring and die in autumn, and become the object of repeated singing by poets (such as its fourteenth, its twenty-fourth and its seventy-first). Or directly lament all kinds of profound pains in life, such as young people suddenly becoming ugly and old (such as old four, old five and old six), fame and fortune are hard to protect (such as thirteen, fifty-three and fifty-nine), and women are unreliable in treating people (such as twenty, twenty-seven and thirty). Due to the suffering of natural personnel, Ruan Ji's heart is hard to get rid of. The first sentence in Huai Nan Zi:
Can't sleep at night, sit up and play the piano. Thin curtains look at the bright moon, and the breeze blows on the chest. Lonely in the wild, birds are singing in Beilin. What will you see when you are wandering, and you will be sad when you are worried.
The last two sentences can be regarded as all poems about pregnancy. Fang Shudong, a A Qing dynasty man, said: "This is the starting point of 8 1, but it always says that we can't be nostalgic." ("Zhao Wei Zhan Yan" Volume III) is another example:
Sitting alone in an empty classroom, who can be with happy people? Going out on Lin Yong Road, there are no horses driving. Looking up at Kyushu, you can divide the wilderness. Lonely birds fly northwest, leaving animals southeast. I miss my relatives and friends day and night. I write my own words.
This poem is about sitting alone, going out, climbing high, only seeing lonely birds and beasts, and the feeling of ownerless overflows on the paper. In this case, the poet further felt that his ambition and ideal had become a bubble.
The 19th poem of Huai Shang depicts the ideal with beautiful women. Although people take pleasure in writing poetry, it shows the pain that the ideal cannot be realized. Its 80-year-old life span is similar, only with a layer of short-lived sorrow. In his seventy-ninth novel, he wrote the tragedy of the Phoenix, which stood upright and clean, with lofty aspirations, but its wings were injured by the autumn wind and could never fly again. "But hate is out of place and hurts people's hearts", which is simply Ruan Ji's own situation. In Huaihai's poems, the sadness of death and the sense of impermanence of fortune and misfortune are everywhere, reflecting his deep and extensive feelings of anxiety and resentment. There are many words in Ruan Ji's poems, such as sadness, sorrow, tears, pity, bitterness, sorrow, resentment, and sorrow, which fully reflect his extremely depressed mood.
Facing the dirty society and short life, Ruan Ji could not find a real way out, so he had to pretend to be broad-minded. In his life, he did many shocking things. In poetry, he also designed a spiritual outlet for himself, that is, wandering immortals and seclusion. There are many chapters of wandering immortals and seclusion in Ruan Ji's Poems of Ode to Huai, while others are the combination of wandering immortals and seclusion. In his poems, he often praises hermits such as Nest Friends, Qi Yi, Shao Ping and Si Hao, and satirizes Su Qin and Reese, who were killed for their greed for profits. Ruan Ji's praise of wandering immortals' seclusion is just a way for him to relieve his depression. In fact, he has a great ambition to help the world. According to the legend in the Book of Jin, he said: "He once had the ambition to help the world and belonged to Wei and Jin Dynasties. There are many reasons in the world, and few celebrities have all the people. The reason is that they don't touch the world, so they drink alcohol. " Therefore, while writing about his resentment and origin, he also showed his concern and embrace for the current situation. For example, the 31st poem of Huai Shang criticizes the decadent Cao Wei regime and points out its doomed fate:
Driving words makes Wei Du, looking south to attack Taiwan. Xiao Guan has a legacy, and Liang Wang is here. Soldiers eat chaff, saints live in Artemisia. Before the song and dance is over, Chi Bing has come back. I have no forest, but Zhu has dust. The army was defeated by Huayang and turned out to be dust.
Some poems expose the hypocrisy of etiquette, such as its sixty-seven:
Hong shengzi system, clothes are always. Set the order of precedence, and things will be in order. Let the whole color be decorated and folded. Xuan wine is often placed on the table, and the room is full of rice and rice. Li talked outside, and the incense went out indoors. Speak your mind and say the right side again. I'm worried about my attitude and my intestines.
Some poems express their ambitions, such as their thirty-nine:
How generous a strong man is, aiming at conquering the Eight Wastes. Driving far away, I was ordered to forget myself. A good bow carries a black number, and there is nothing left in the armor. In the face of difficulties, regardless of life, the body is dead and the soul flies. Are you a whole person, fighting for the battlefield? Loyalty is eternal glory, and righteousness makes the name. Hang down the voice to thank future generations, and the integrity is always there.
Ruan Ji's poetic style is vague and tortuous, which is mainly determined by his time and life experience, such as "words are in the eyes and ears, feelings are in the table of eight shortages" and "profound meaning is hard to find" (Zhong Rong's poems). He sympathized with Cao Wei and was dissatisfied with Sima Jia. However, he is in chaos and is often afraid of disaster. Therefore, he is extremely cautious in life. "His words are lofty and don't hide his nature" (Biography of Ruan Ji in the Book of Jin). When writing poetry, I dare not make any noise. I often use metaphors and symbols to express my feelings and arm in arm. Or borrow the ancient to satirize the present, or borrow the fairy to satirize the vulgar, or borrow the beauty vanilla to write a hug. Shan Li analyzed this situation in Notes on Selected Works, saying: "If the heirs are in disorder, they are always afraid of being slandered and encountering disaster. Therefore, he will worry about his life. Although I am determined to ridicule, the words are often obscure and unpredictable under a hundred generations. " However, as far as the spirit of poetry is concerned, Ruan Ji's Poems on Huaishang is still in the same strain as Jian 'an's poetic style. For example, Yan Yu's Poems on Canglang said: "After Huang Chu, Ruan Ji's Poems on Huai Shang is extremely ancient, with the style of Jian 'an and an inner bone. "