Han Yu was lonely at the age of three and was raised by his brother and sister-in-law. In his early years, he was displaced and had a hard life. He had the ambition to study the world. Although he is lonely and poor, he studies hard. At the age of twenty, I went to Chang 'an to take the Jinshi exam, but I didn't try it for the third time. After the age of twenty-five, he became the first scholar. After three unsuccessful attempts to learn Hongci, he went to Bianzhou Dongjin and Xuzhou Zhang Jianfeng as shogunate. Later, he returned to Beijing as a doctor from four universities. After the age of 36, he was appointed as the imperial army. Because he wrote a letter about drought and hunger, please reduce taxes and downgrade Yangshan order. Xian zong returned to the north as a doctor of the country, tired of being an official for the right illegitimate son of the prince, but failed. After 50, he first recruited Wu Yuanji from Pei Du, and then transferred to assistant minister of punishments. Because of remonstrance, the Buddha's bones greeted, and Chaozhou's secretariat fell. Move to Yuanzhou. Soon after, he returned to North Korea, where he died at the age of 57. More successful politically. Poetry strives to be novel, bold and imposing.
Together with Liu Zongyuan, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Su Xun, Ceng Gong, Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi, he was called Han Yu (768-824), a scholar in Zhenyuan eight years. When I was in Tang Xianzong, I worked with Pei Du to quell the rebellion in Huaixi buffer region. When he was assistant minister of punishments, he was demoted to Chaozhou secretariat, which angered Xianzong. Later, when he was in Muzong, he was called into imperial academy to offer a drink offering, and served as an assistant minister of the Ministry of War and an official minister.
He was a famous essayist and an important poet in the Tang Dynasty. He and Liu Zongyuan have different political views, but this does not affect their joint advocacy of the ancient prose movement. They oppose excessive pursuit of formal parallel prose, advocate prose and emphasize the importance of article content. Han Yu, one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, was once demoted to Yuanzhou, now Yichun, Jiangxi, for his advice on Buddhist bones. During his tenure in Yuanzhou, Han Yu made outstanding achievements and cultivated the first scholar in Jiangxi Province at that time. Now there is a sandbar in Jiangxiu, Yichun, called Zhuangyuanzhou. Legend is the place where students studied in those days. The highest mountain in Yichun City has Zhuangyuan Building and Changli Road in Yichun City, all to commemorate Han Yu's special achievements.
Han Yu advocated the unification of the world politically and opposed the separatist regime in the buffer regions.
The poetic circles in the Han Yu era have begun to break through the narrow world of Dali poets. Han Yu initiated a new school of poetry. He is good at driving the majestic momentum with strong brushstrokes, mixed with fantastic and mysterious interests, and endowing poetry with rich and magnificent colors, making it spectacular.
In addition, Korean poetry has the characteristics of "taking literature as poetry" in art, which has a great influence on later generations. Of course, there are also game words in Korean poetry that pursue grotesque and treacherous, which are not worth taking. He is the author of 40 volumes of Han Changli's Collected Works, Foreign Collected Works 10, Teachers' Comments, etc.
[Edit this paragraph] Literary achievements
Theoretically, he thinks that Tao (that is, benevolence and righteousness) is the purpose and content, and literature is the means and form, emphasizing that literature carries Tao, literature and Taoism are integrated, and Taoism is the main thing. He advocated the study of ancient Chinese prose in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties and obtained the works of Zhuang Zhou, Qu Yuan, Sima Qian, Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong. It advocates that the past should not be forgotten, and that the future should be a teacher, innovating on the basis of inheritance, and that "words must come out" and "words must be done". Pay attention to the writer's moral cultivation, and put forward the theory of nourishing qi, "If qi is strong, short words and high voices are appropriate" (answer to Li Yishu). Put forward the argument that "injustice makes noise". It is believed that the author's injustice to reality is the reason for deepening his works. In the style of his works, he emphasizes "strangeness" and takes strangeness as good.
Han Yu is listed as the first of the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties", and is mentioned with Du Fu, and is known as "Du Fu's Poems of North Korea".
He also made new explorations in poetry creation. The so-called "writing as poetry" is unique, and rhyme creates the poetic style of "reasoning poetry school". Of course, his poems also have the shortcomings of prose and discussion, which has a bad influence on future generations.
Han Yu is also an enthusiastic educator. He can go against the trend at that time and actively guide backward learning. He "learned at the call" and "resisted the face and became a teacher" (Liu Zongyuan answered Wei Zhongli's book "Teacher's Way"), paying special attention to education and training young writers.
He said in the article "Answer to Li Yishu": "A strong root is actually ... a loud voice suitable for short speeches and loud voices." The so-called "root" or "qi" refers to the writer's ideological cultivation and personality cultivation, emphasizing the writer's moral cultivation and literary cultivation, which is very important for doing a good job in creation. Collected works of Mr. Changli, 40 volumes, volume 10.
As a martial artist, Han Yu went to Baijiayan in the north of the county many times, where he wrote a long poem entitled "The Title of Xibaijian", making Xibaijian an important scene of Baijiayan. Thought originates from Confucianism, but there are also deviant words. He pretends to be Confucian orthodoxy, opposes the purity and silence of Buddhism and the superstition of theocracy, but believes in the fate of ghosts and gods; He praised Mencius for expelling Yang Zhu and Mohism, and thought that Yang and Mohism ignored the right path and advocated using Confucius and Mohism. He advocated that Confucius should be king and should be humble and overbearing. But also praised the achievements of Guan Zhong and Shang Yang. He criticized the reform of the Erwang Group, but he was no different from the Erwang Group in opposing the separatist regime and eunuch dictatorship. These complex and contradictory phenomena are all reflected in his works.
Han Yu's prose and poetry creation realized his own theory. His works in various genres, such as Fu, Poetry, Argumentation, Saying, Biography, Recording, Ode, Praise, Book, Preface, Mourning, Inscription, Form, Form and Writing, have all made outstanding achievements.
Essays occupy an important position in Han Wenzhong. The novellas that focus on respecting Confucianism and opposing Buddhism include The Original Road, The Buddha's Bone Table, The Original Nature, The Teacher's Commentary and so on. Most of them are well organized, well organized. Miscellaneous essays such as Miscellaneous Notes and Enlightenment satirize the current social situation, with clever metaphors and profound implications; Novels, such as "Sending Poor Articles" and "Learning Solutions", adopt the form of question and answer, with humorous strokes, strange ideas and sharp edges. Literary thoughts and writing experience are diverse in genre, changeable in writing style, fantastic in image and exquisite in theory. Narrative occupies a large proportion in Han Wenzhong. Scholars who study classics, such as Pinghuai Xibei, use the styles of Shangshu, Ya and Fu, which are large in length and heavy in sentences. Ji Hua directly tells many characters, and its writing style is beyond Shangshu Gu Ming and Zhou Li's Examination of Gong Ji's Zi Renzhi. Inherit the tradition of historical prose in Historical Records, such as the famous Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng, which combines narration, discussion and lyric in one furnace. Draw lessons from Historical Records and Hanshu to portray vivid and strange characters without discussion, such as the epitaph of Wang Jun in Dali and the epitaph of Zhang Jun in Qinghe. Memorizing literary friends can highlight the characteristics of different writers, such as Epitaph of Liu Zihou, Epitaph of Nanyang Fan Shaoshu and Epitaph of Mr. Yao Zhen. But in a large number of tombstones and epitaphs, Han Yu also wrote some works that "despised the tomb", which was already ridiculed at that time.
Odes in lyric articles, such as Ode to Twelve Lang, are written in prose, which breaks through the routine of four rhymes. One kind writes about friendship between friends and hardships in life, with four rhymes, such as Henan Foreign Language and Liu Zihou. In addition, a wild letter with Meng Dongye and a preface to seeing Yang off are also masterpieces with certain appeal. Han Yu's other essays, such as Biography of Mao Ying and Preface to Ding Shilian's Poems, are completely fictional and close to legendary novels. Han Yu's prose is magnificent, vertical and horizontal, odd and even, and clever metaphor; Or cunning, or solemn, with a variety of artistic characteristics; Sweep away the gentle and charming style of writing since the Six Dynasties.
He is good at sublating the language of his predecessors and refining the spoken language at that time, such as "flying as a dog" ("seeing poverty"), "doing different things together" and "taking everything" ("learning to understand"), which are widely used in Han Wenzhong. He advocated "preface", created a written prose language extracted from spoken language, and expanded the expressive function of classical Chinese. But he also has an embarrassing sentence. The self-assertion that "it is impossible to do things in good times and entertain yourself" ("Sending the Poor") has a certain influence on future generations. Han Yu is also a famous poet, whose artistic characteristics are mainly strangeness, heroism and strangeness. For example, Lu Hun's Rhyme of Mountain Fire and Huangfu, Poem of Eclipse, Yuchuan Self-made, etc. have strange and profound contents. Nanshan's poems, Yueyang Tower's four ambitions of fighting, Meng Dongye's lost son, etc. Very spectacular. However, in the pursuit of strangeness, Korean poetry is often full of strange words and rhymes. Han Yu also has an unpretentious poem. Korean poetry is ancient and short, but there are also excellent quatrains. For example, in the Seven Laws, I moved to Languan to show my grandnephew, Answering Zhang's Eleven Palace Exercises, Titing Yiliang, Sending Zhang's Twelve Pavilions to Tongguan and Titing Chu Zhao Wang Dian, etc.
Among the ancient books of Han Dynasty, Wei Huaizhong's Collection of Works of Mr. Changli of the Five Hundred Music School in Southern Song Dynasty and Waiji are the best. The most popular editions are The Collection of Mr. Changli, The Collection Outside and Legacy (reprinted by Xu Shi Dong in Ming Dynasty). In Qing Dynasty, Gu and Fang Shiju each had a single note on a poem. Qian Zhonglian's Annotation of Han Changli's Poems in the Year is another year's collection of notes. In addition, Jing Yun,, Wang, Shen Qinhan, Fang Cheng, Modern Xu Zhen, etc. The Chronicle of Zi Han written by Hong Xingzu in Song Dynasty is the most detailed. The relevant parts of Zhao Yi's Poems of Oubei, Fang's Zhao Mei and Lin Shu's Korean Studies Law are representative works to comment on his poems.
[Edit this paragraph] Life chronology
In the second year of Tang Zhenyuan (786), Han Yu was nineteen years old. He went to Beijing to take the Jinshi exam with the ambition of learning, and failed three times in a row. It was not until the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792) that he passed the fourth Jinshi exam. According to the law of the Tang Dynasty, after being admitted to Jinshi, you must also take the erudition and macro-speech examination of the official department. Han Yu participated in the official election three times and failed. I wrote three letters to the Prime Minister and got no reply. Those who have been in power for three times have been turned away.
In July of the twelfth year of Zhenyuan (796), Han Yu was twenty-nine years old and was recommended by Dong Jin as an observation and promotion officer of Xuanwu Army. This is the beginning of Han Yu's political career. During the three years of observing and promoting officials, Han Yu took every opportunity to publicize his innovative ideas of prose, and at the same time guided Li Ao, Zhang Ji and other young people to study literature.
In the winter of the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan, Han Yu was the fourth examiner and passed the official election in the second year (80 1). Answering Li Yishu, written in this period, expounded his thought of closely combining the ancient prose movement with the Confucian retro movement, which was Han Yu's representative work advocating the ancient prose movement. At the end of autumn this year, Han Yu was thirty-four years old and was appointed as a doctor of imperial academy No.4 University, which was the beginning of Han Yu's entry into the government agencies in Beijing. During his tenure as a doctor in four schools, he actively recommended young writers, dared to be a teacher and widely taught his disciples, and was called "the son of the Han family".
In the 19th year of Zhenyuan (803), he wrote a magnum opus "Teacher's Theory", which systematically put forward the theory of teacher's morality. In the winter, Han Yu was promoted to supervise the empire, but he took office only for two months. In order to sympathize with people's feelings and be loyal to his duties, he wrote "On Hunger of Drought People". Because of being slandered by the powerful minister, he was demoted to the Yangshan order of Lianzhou. Han Yu worked in Yangshanling for three years, went deep into the people, participated in farming, fishing and hunting activities among the villagers, and loved the people, benefited the government, was courteous and civilized. Therefore, the book "New Tang Book Han Yuchuan" is "Love the people, and people's livelihood is named after their surnames." On the appointment of Yangshan, a large number of young people went to Hanyumen, and they talked with young students about poetry. There are quite a few poems and works. Today, the Collected Works of Changli has more than 20 ancient poems and several articles. At this time, the chapter written by Yuan Tao and others constitutes an important work of Sinology, The Theory of Five Sources. This is the forerunner of Neo-Confucianism in Tang and Song Dynasties, and its theoretical achievements have great influence.
In the summer and autumn of the 21st year of Zhenyuan (805), Han Yu left Yangshan, and in August, he joined the army in Jiangling.
In June of the first year of Yuanhe (806), Han Yufeng recalled Chang 'an and officially authorized the doctor to run the country.
In the third year of Yuanhe (808), Han Yu changed to a real doctor.
In the fourth year of Yuanhe (809), Yuan Wailang, a great official in the capital, was granted the title of East Capital and Imperial Temple. In the winter of the same year, he was demoted to Yu Ling, and later served as Fang Yuanwai Lang and Dr. Guo Zi.
In the eighth year of Yuanhe (8 13), he was promoted to Bibi Langzhong History Museum, and completed the compilation of the famous history book A Record of Shunzong.
In the ninth year of Yuanhe (8 14), Han Yu was appointed as the doctor of Kao Gong.
In the tenth year of Yuanhe (8 15), he was promoted to the position of Zhongshu Sheren.
In the 12th year of Yuanhe (8 17), he assisted Pei Du, the prime minister, to pacify Huai rebellion as a marching Sima, and was awarded assistant minister of punishments for his meritorious service.
In the 14th year of Yuanhe (8 19), Tang Xianzong sent an envoy to Fengxiang to welcome Buddha bones, and the capital once set off a Buddhist frenzy. Regardless of his personal safety, Han Yu resolutely stepped onto the Buddha's bone table, denouncing the unreliability of the Buddha's bone and demanding that the Buddha's bone be "thrown into fire and water forever and ever, breaking the doubts of the world and confusing future generations." When Xian Zong got the watch, Yan Long was furious and sentenced him to death. Fortunately, Pei Du, the prime minister, and the ministers in the DPRK tried their best to intercede, only to avoid death, and was demoted as the secretariat of Chaozhou. Han Yu was appointed as the secretariat of Chaozhou for eight months. Generally speaking, he drove away crocodiles and killed people. Ask teachers to run township schools; Pay off debts and release slaves; Leading the people, building water conservancy and irrigation and drainage. For thousands of years, Chaozhou has become a regional culture with individual characteristics, and Chaozhou has become a state of etiquette and a famous cultural city!
In the first month of the fifteenth year of Yuanhe (820), Han Yu was transferred to Yuanzhou Secretariat. Although he only stayed in Yuanzhou for nine months, he did a great thing of "banning officials". According to the Records of the Old and New Records of the Tang Dynasty, "Yuan people took men and women as official residences, and if they didn't redeem them, they would be buried. More and more, more than 700 parents learned that they had been redeemed. Because of the agreement, it is forbidden to be a servant. " In order to thank Han Yu for this behavior, the local people built Changli Academy (now) as a memorial.
In September of the fifteenth year of Yuanhe (820), Han Yu sent an imperial edict to propose a toast to the whole country.
In July of the first year of Changqing (82 1), Han Yu was transferred to assistant minister of the Ministry of War.
In the second year of Changqing (822), he rode alone and ventured to the town to comfort the rebels. Historically, he was known as the "commander-in-chief of the victorious army", and he did not need a single soldier to make peace and quell the chaos in the town and state. In September, he served as assistant minister of the official department.
In June of the third year of Changqing (823), Han Yu was promoted to a native of Beijing and an ancient scholar. The land of Jingzhao is said to be complicated and difficult to manage. Under the rectification of Han Yu, the society is stable, thieves stop, and rice prices dare not go up. Later, he was successively transferred to the Ministry of War Assistant Minister and the Ministry Assistant Minister.
In the fourth year of Changqing, Han Yu asked for leave due to illness. /kloc-0 died in Chang 'an on February 2nd at the age of 57.
[Edit this paragraph] Literary works
The teacher said