Heine works in Frankfurt Bank and his uncle Solomon Heine works in Hamburg Bank. 18 19 autumn, with the consent of my uncle, I entered Bonn University to study law, which is closely related to the romantic representative writer August William schlegel. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/820, I transferred to the University of G? ttingen. 182 1 was punished by the school for dueling, suspended for half a year, and soon transferred to Berlin University to listen to Hegel's lecture. When I was in Berlin, I met Mr. and Mrs. Enhagen von Enze, as well as writers Chamik and Fukai. Influenced by them, the first book of poetry was published in Heine, Berlin in 182 1. Following the poetry anthology, the tragedy-lyric episode was published in 1823. The unfortunate fate of Jews inspired Heine to resist oppression and actively participate in the work of the "Jewish Cultural Science Association" in Berlin.
1824 65438+ 10, Heine studied law at the University of G? ttingen and continued to write poems, completing the return of the original collection. Later, he wrote "Travels of Harz Mountain", which is his first prose work with unique style.
1825, Heine was baptized by Christianity, and in the same year, he obtained a doctorate in law. The updated The Return of the Native was compiled into travel notes together with the 1 part in Travel Notes of Harz Mountain and Journey to the North Sea, and published in 1826, which aroused strong repercussions. In the same year, he wrote the second and third parts of A Journey to the North Sea.
From 1826 to 1827, Heine wrote an autobiographical essay "The Great Collection". /kloc-arrived in Hamburg at the beginning of 0/827, and in the same year, the second volume of travel notes was published. After a trip to England, he returned to Hamburg and published his collection of poems, which included most of the previously published poems, laying the foundation for Heine to become an outstanding lyric poet.
From 65438 to 0827, Heine went to Munich to edit the new General Political Yearbook at the invitation of the publisher Koda. After returning to Germany, he wrote the third volume of Travels in Berlin and Potsdam, which included a trip from Munich to Genoa and Luca Bass. The last part of Luca Bass is the debate about the poet's platform. 1829 print the third volume of travel notes.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/830, during Heine's treatment in Helgoland Bass, the July Revolution broke out in Paris, and he warmly cheered for it.
The July Revolution made Heine decide to go to Paris. Before leaving, he published "Spring Festival Collection" in Hamburg, which included 14 poems, ending his love poems in his youth. There is also a travel supplement, including Lucca City and English Fragments.
183 1 In May, Heine arrived in Paris, met Balzac, Berenice, Berlioz, Chopin, Dumas, Hugo, Liszt and george sand, and interacted with believers in Saint-Simon. From 1833 to 1834, he published reports such as The Present Situation of France and On French Painters in augsburg, and wrote A Brief History of Modern German Literature for French newspapers (1836 expanded into On Romanticism and History of German Religion and Philosophy).
At that time, Ludwig Birna, a German political commentator in exile in Paris, had an argument with Heine. Billner denounced Goethe and Hegel as "slaves who rhyme" and "slaves who don't rhyme", and criticized Heine as "aesthetes". Although Birna is a patriot, he is a petty bourgeois radical. Heine published a memorandum from Ludwig Birna and Henrich Heine in 1840 as an answer.
1834 In the spring, Heine met a French woman worker-Cressez Eugénie Milla (Mathilde Milla) and got married in 184 1 year. 1835, the German Federal Parliament banned the works of "young German" writers. Heine doesn't belong to this school, but he ranks first. At the same time of persecution, he was at odds with his uncle and lost financial assistance, so he accepted the relief provided by the French government in despair and economic distress, and was attacked and slandered by opponents.
1843, Heine returned from Paris. This trip made him start to conceive Germany, a winter fairy tale. After returning to Paris at the end of the year, I began to write. I met Marx in Paris at the end of the year, and my thoughts were influenced to some extent. Since then, Heine has often published satirical poems in the German-French Yearbook edited by Lugar and Marx. 1In July, 844, Heine went to Hamburg to monitor and print a new collection of poems, and sent the winter fairy tale "German Proof" from Hamburg to Marx, who published it in Progress on his behalf.
As early as 1930s, Heine showed signs of paralysis. In the 1940s, his health became worse and worse, and he was almost blind due to eye diseases. At the end of 1844 12, Heine's left eye was completely blind and his right eye was very weak. At this time, his uncle also died, leaving him only a few thousand marks. His cousin Carl Heine refused to say anything about their family and promised to exchange an annuity. Heine was forced to destroy his carefully written memoirs. The memoirs now preserved were later rewritten. Engels visited Heine who was sick every time he went to Paris.
1848 In May, Heine was completely paralyzed due to the serious deterioration of his condition, and then he lay in the bed of the "mattress grave" for 8 years. But he persisted in writing with amazing perseverance, and dictated a collection of poems, Romantic Zero, which was published in 185 1. He also wrote some prose works, and selected the communication written for augsburg's "Daily Square" in the 1940s into an anthology called Lutkia (the Latin alias of Paris). As can be seen from the preface written for the French edition of Lutkia a few months before his death, he was deeply dissatisfied with the disparity between the rich and the poor and the unreasonable social system in the existing society, so he wished * * * the victory of capitalism, but he was worried that those "ignorant idol destroyers" would destroy his "songji" after the arrival of the capitalist society. 1856 February, Heine died in Paris.
Heine's life left countless precious spiritual wealth to future generations. His main works are introduced as follows:
1. Poetry: Heine is considered to be the most important poet in the history of German literature after Goethe. According to the three periods of his life, his poetry creation can be divided into three stages. 1 stage is an early lyric poem, represented by songji. Heine loves literature. During his study in Bonn, he received special guidance from August William schlegel in rhythm, so his early lyric poems were sincere in feelings, beautiful in language, romantic in style and melodious in folk songs. Most of the content describes his experiences, feelings and longings, especially the joy and pain of love. The poem A Journey to the North Sea is the earliest and most wonderful poem in German poetry.
Although Heine's early lyric poems have a strong romantic color, they are different from ordinary romantic poets and are not used to creating dreams, so that people are immersed in them and forget the reality. Instead, they use the technique of "romantic irony" to disillusion their dreams, face reality squarely, and never deliberately cover up the ugliness of reality with the beauty of poetry. Poetry contains criticism of society.
Although Heine's lyric poetry mainly praises love, it has the content of the new era, which embodies the praise of the French bourgeois revolution, the contempt for the restoration of feudalism and its main pillar churches and nobles, and the disgust for the bourgeois habits and morality of the emerging bourgeoisie. In the earliest part of Song Collection, The Trouble of Teenagers and Two Grenadiers are both poems with distinct political colors.
The main poetry creations in the second stage are: Poetry of the Times, Ata Troll, A Midsummer Night's Dream, German and Winter Fairy Tales. Heine's thought became more mature in 1930s. He studied Saint-Simon's utopian socialism theory, was later influenced by Marxism, and personally participated in the revolutionary movement at that time. Therefore, he opposed romantic poetry divorced from reality in literary and artistic creation. He also opposed the so-called "inclined poems" with no poems at that time but only revolutionary slogans.
The long poem Ata Troll, A Midsummer Night's Dream (1843) is a metaphor for a dancing bear and satirizes the author of the tendentious poem with empty content. In the preface of this long poem, Heine said that he couldn't help laughing at how his narrow-minded contemporaries rudely, clumsily and foolishly understood human ideals. He believes that writing poetry is rich in poetry, novel content and the spirit of the times. Poetry of the times is political poetry, that is, poetry that expresses new understanding in beautiful poetic form and organically combines political views with aesthetic thoughts. Therefore, his poems are not only strongly combative, but also highly artistic. Emperor China, who satirizes Prussian King William Friedrich IV, and Clarification, which lashes out at the German petty bourgeoisie, are excellent works combining politics and art skillfully.
Heine claimed that Germany, a Winter Fairy Tale is a poetic travel note, which will show a higher level of politics than those most famous political agitation poems. This long poem is the pinnacle of Heine's poetry creation. This poem is based on what I saw and heard during my trip to 1843 Hamburg. It is manifested in absurd dreams, exposing and satirizing the feudal regime of Germany, the vulgarity of the citizens and the arbitrariness of Prussia, and at the same time expressing his philosophy, political beliefs and hopes for the future of mankind.
1844, a textile worker uprising broke out in Silesia, and Heine wrote the famous Song of Silesia Weavers. Engels once praised this poem and said, "Henrich Heine, the most outstanding contemporary German poet, joined our team and published a poem promoting socialism." Heine's poems in this period directly sounded the horn of 1848 revolutionary preparation.
The third stage: 1848 Revolution failed, Heine was paralyzed, but he still wrote a lot of excellent poems. 185 1 published romance and poetry collections, and some poems left over, some about historical events, and some are "poems of the times". The artistic conception of poetry is sometimes full of grief and indignation, and sometimes full of melancholy, but the edge of irony and delicate lyricism are still implied. Heine never gave up hope for the future of the motherland and mankind, and his poems are full of fighting pride. Desperate Sentinel and slave ship are the representative works of this period.
2. Travel Notes: 1822 Heine said in a letter to the writer Fisherman: "Poetry is only a beautiful secondary thing in the final analysis." 1826, he wrote a letter to the poet Miller. "My career as a poet is over, and prose has embraced me in its broad arms." This shows that Heine has felt that it is more direct and powerful to fight with prose. He compared Ji to a "merchant ship" and compared Ji to a "warship", which will escort Ji. The four-volume travel notes, from the Travel Notes of Harz Mountain to English fragments, have a wide range of contents, reflecting the progress of the author's thoughts and the enhancement of his fighting consciousness. Until his later years, he thought that the great task of the times was "the liberation of all mankind" and he was fighting for "the liberation of mankind".
Heine's travel notes are the best in German literature in genre and style. The author has a loose style and a broad artistic conception. There are political views in his travel notes, which are picturesque. For example, "Travels of Harz Mountain" satirizes the tedious teaching and brave aristocrats and philistines in German universities, and is also accompanied by wonderful scenery descriptions. The Great Collection recalls childhood life, in which the praise of Napoleon shows the author's rich imagination and profound knowledge. A trip from Munich to Genoa dealt a powerful blow to Germany during the Restoration. The argument with the platform in Luke Bath criticizes poetry's avoidance of reality and imitation of classical formalism. In the English fragment, the author reveals that the development of British capitalist industry has brought new social contradictions, and behind the apparent prosperity is the miserable life of working people. In Lucca, Heine expressed his firm belief in the revolution. Travel notes reflect the development process of his political thought. 1830 warmly welcomed the July Revolution, and 183 1 left Germany for Paris, which was the inevitable action of his ideological development.
3. Comments: Heine wrote a series of articles about religion, philosophy, literature, painting, music and drama after he arrived in Paris from 183 1. The most important works in the 1930s were about French painters, the history of German religion and philosophy, romanticism and so on. The purpose of these articles is to communicate the cultural exchanges between the people of Germany and France and correct the wrong views in the book On Germany by Madame Starr of France. At the same time, let Germans know the tradition and achievements of the French Revolution, know their own backwardness, overcome negative factors, see hope in their own national culture and promote the German revolution.
Heine criticized the classical philosophy of German idealism in his article On the History of German Religion and Philosophy. On the one hand, he pointed out that behind the obscure words of German philosophers, revolutionary thoughts were hidden. German philosophers carried out a far-reaching and significant philosophical revolution, and firmly believed that after the philosophical revolution, the political revolution would follow. Engels praised Heine's point of view. On Romanticism makes a concise and accurate analysis of the development of German literature, and realistically evaluates the representative figures of German classical literature such as Lessing, Goethe and Schiller, thus defending the progressive tradition of German literature. Heine thinks that the romantic literature, which was all the rage at that time, was politically reactionary, but it still has some merits in art. Heine's two works are profound in thought and far-sighted, far exceeding the level of related works of his time and are of great value.
From 1940s to 1950s, Heine also wrote Memo of Ludwig Billner and Henrich Heine, Confessions, Memoirs and Lutkia, and discussed the relationship between literary criticism and creation, literature and reality, literature and politics, and philosophical revolution and political revolution. These comments are beautiful and unique, fresh and meaningful.
4. Novels and plays: Heine wrote some novels and plays. Novels describing the persecution of Jews in the Middle Ages include The Law Teacher of Ballach. The first draft was written in 1824 and burned in 1833, and the remaining draft of 1840 was published in three chapters. Among the unfinished fragments are 1826, 1834' s memoir of Mr. schnabel Wopsky, and 1836' s Nights in Florence. The tragedies arman Solo and William ratke Lev appear in 1823' s Tragedy-Lyric Interlude. 185 1 year, his ballet Dr. Faust, which was created in the 1940s, was published.
Heine lived in Germany, which was a transitional period from the lifeless restoration period to the revolutionary trend. Philosophy turns from idealism to materialism; Literature turned from romanticism to realism. These changes are all reflected in his works. As Merlin said in "The History of Germany since the Middle Ages": "The colors and forms of the three world views that appear alternately in this century are very harmonious ... Heine claims to be the last fantasy king of romanticism, but he laughs loudly at romanticism, making it have no place in the world. Heine has been struggling for the ideal of bourgeois freedom, but he also lashed out at the shortcomings of bourgeois liberalism, such as appeasement, compromise and endless arguments. Heine discovered * * * productism in real life, and predicted many times that * * * productism would surely win in the future, which he was quite proud of; However, he has never eliminated his inner fear of productism. "
Heine is a master of world literature, and his poems and essays have had a positive impact on the literary and art circles in Germany and other countries. However, he was evaluated and treated in a completely different way before and after his death. He was respected and loved by all revolutionary progressives since Marx and Engels, and at the same time he was hated and slandered by some stubborn reactionary forces. During the fascist dictatorship in Germany, his name was even written off from the history of German literature.
In China's literary and art circles, Heine's essays with incisive thoughts and sharp writing have a wide influence. Since the May 4th Movement, Heine's poems have been widely welcomed. After the founding of New China, Heine's works were published in a new translation.
A new edition of Heine's works:
Heine's Works and Letters, edited by Kaufman, published in 10, 196 1~ 1964 Berlin.
The revised edition of the complete works of Heine edited by Wendell, Volume 16, published in Hamburg since 1970.
The Complete Works of Heine, edited by Brigleb, 6 volumes, published in Munich, 1968 to 1976.
There is also a commemorative edition, including all works, letters and biographical materials, compiled by Weimar German Classical Literature Research and Memorial Center. It plans to publish 50 volumes in Berlin from 65438 to 0969.