In the mid-18th century, the Portuguese government carried out a series of bourgeois liberalization reforms, which enabled the widespread spread of Enlightenment ideas in Portugal.
The most famous Enlightenmentist at that time was Luis Antonio Verney (1713~1792). In his book "The True Meaning of Learning Methods", he proposed to oppose the cumbersome scholastic education and implement the democratization of education. His works are simple and concise, and are very different from the pretentious aristocratic style. They have played an important role in the spread of Enlightenment ideas. important role. At this time, the monopoly of literary creation by the court and aristocratic groups was broken, and the bourgeoisie began to enter the literary world.
In 1756, poets such as Antonio Diniz da Cruz e Silva (1731~1799), the author of the satirical poem "Sprinkler of Holy Water", established the "Portuguese Albanian Society" in Lisbon. "Cardia Poetry Society" emphasizes that poetry creation must be realistic, opposes "Gongoraism", and advocates taking Greek and Roman classical writers as models and making innovations in the use of poetic language. Some famous members of the Acadian Poetry Society were influenced by French literature and belonged to neoclassicism. The more famous ones are Pedro Antonio Correa de Garzán (1724~1773) and Domingo S. Dos Reis Kita (1728~1770) and others.
In 1796, the "New Portuguese Acadian Poetry Society" was established. The buds of romanticism can already be seen in the work. The sonnets and many satirical poems written by Bocarge are very successful in Portuguese literature. Most of Nicolás Tolentino de Almeida's (1740~1811) satirical poems were based on daily life, and the writing was popular and simple, in perfect contrast to the gorgeous "Gongora" aristocratic poetry. The last representative of the Acadian Poetry Society was Philindo Elisio. His real name was Francisco Manuel do Nascimento (1734~1819), and he wrote "Filindo Elisio". "Collected Poems of Elisio", 8 volumes.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Romantic literature emerged in Europe. The national liberation struggle against the restoration of feudal autocracy and the French and British occupation broke out in Portugal. In 1820, the bourgeois revolution occurred. Portuguese Romantic literature was anti-Japanese. The progressive nature of autocracy fighting for freedom and fighting aggression and liberation. Many Romantic writers fought for the freedom of their motherland. Most of them were forced to go into exile abroad, accepted the influence of advanced European ideas, and wrote the first romantic works.
Jo?o Baptista da Silva Letang de Almeida Garrett (1799~1854) published the narrative poem "Camon" during his exile in 1825. "Si" is considered to be the beginning of Portuguese romantic literature in literary history. Garrett went into exile twice and wrote the famous poem "The motherland has been restored and we are free people!" His early lyric poems belonged to the Acadian Poetry School, and the collection of poems "Barren Flowers" published in 1845 marked his transition from the Poetry School to Romanticism. The Collection of Fallen Leaves, published in 1853, is already a typical romantic work.
Garrett's achievements in drama revived Portuguese drama, which had been in decline since Gil Vicente. He wrote "Gil Vicente", "Donna Felipa De Verena" and "Louis de Souza" and other outstanding plays. Garrett believes that only popular works with national characteristics are truly outstanding works, and he advocates that writing should be written in the language of the people. His historical novel The Bow of Santa Ana (1845) is the best of its kind in Portugal.
The founder of Portuguese Romantic literary theory, Alexander Herculano de Calvalho Araújo (1810~1877), was born in poverty and once lived in exile abroad. He adhered to a liberal stance and opposed the privileges of feudal aristocrats and religious interference in social life. He believed that literary works should reflect political and social changes, and advocated the creation of national literature that served the people.
His works include "Essays" (1873), the collection of poems "The Believer's Harp" (1838), the historical novels "The Clown" (1843), "Eurico" (1844), "The West" "The Elders of the Stirlings" (1848), etc. Another romantic writer, Antonio Feliciano de Castillo (1800~1875), wrote poetry collections such as "The Jealousy of the Poet" (1836) and "Night in the Castle" (1836).
An important writer of this period is Luis Augusto Rebello da Silva (1822~1871), author of "The Last Bullfight in Salvaterra" ), writers Arnaldo Gama (1826~1869) and Manuel Pinheiro Chagas (1842~1895), and the famous playwright José da Silva Mende S. Lyall (1818~1896) and others.
Among the later Romantic writers, Camilo Castello Blanco (1825~1890) created approximately 260 literary works in various forms during his lifetime. His later works already have a realist flavor.
The novelist Joaquim Guillerme Gomes Coelho (1838~1871), known by his pen name Julio Dinis, wrote "The Schoolgirl of Mr. Dean" (1867) and "A The English Family" (1868) and other works. Jo?o de Deus Ramos (1830~1896), author of the collection of poems "Fields in Bloom" (1893), and poet Antonio Augusto Suárez de Passos (1826~1860) ) was also a famous writer during this period.
In the mid-19th century, due to the influence of emerging European ideas, realist literature began to appear in Portugal. A group of young intellectuals from the University of Coimbra, known as the "Coimbra School" or the "Seventies School", are the backbone of the realist literary movement. They launched a debate with Romantic writers and proposed that literary creation should truthfully reflect social reality in order to transform society. Its leader, Antero Tarquinho de Cental (1842~1891), was influenced by the First International. He publicly praised the Paris Commune in France and actively participated in the Portuguese workers' movement. His Good Judgment and Healthy Taste, published in 1865, is an outstanding literary manifesto of realism.
The most outstanding representative of Portuguese realist literature is the famous novelist José María Esa de Croz (1845~1900). His masterpieces, such as "The Crime of Padre Amaro" (1876) and "Cousin Bazilio" (1878), are true portrayals of Portuguese society. The author has made significant contributions to novel writing techniques and the use of new literary language. Literary theorist Joaquim Teofilo Fernández Braga (1843~1924) participated in the debate between Kental and Romantic writers, and wrote "New Thoughts in Portuguese Literature" (1892) and other theoretical works. Guilherme de Azevedo (1839~1882) is an important Coimbra poet after Cental. The representative of realist poetry, Abilio Manuel de Guerra Junquero (1850~1923), in addition to lyric poems, also wrote some satirical poems, such as "The Death of Jo?o" which exposed the corruption of social morality. "(1874), "The Late Years of Father Eternault" (1885), which criticized the monastic class, and "Motherland", which criticized the court. The Coimbra poet José Joaquim Cesario Verde (1855~1886) is famous for his ability to use popular language to vividly and accurately depict daily life in Lisbon. All his works are collected In The Collected Works of Cesario Weld, published posthumously in 1887. Antonio Duarte Gomez Leal (1848~1921) was also a famous poet during this period and wrote poetry collections such as "Against Christ" and "The End of a World".
Other realist novelists include Francisco Teixeira de Cros (1849~1919) and José Francisco Trindade Coelho (1861~1908) , and José Valentin Fiallo de Almeida (1857~1911), etc. José Duarte Ramalho Ortigun (1836~1915) participated in the polemics against the Coimbra faction, and was later influenced by Esa de Croz and Teofilo Braga Under the influence of others, he became an important member of the Coimbra faction. Together with them, he co-sponsored the magazine "Throwing Guns" and wrote travel notes such as "Holland" (1883).
The more influential writers of this period include the naturalistic novelist Abel Accasio de Almeida Botelho (1856~1917), the famous poet Antonio Can Dido Goncalves Crespo (1846~1883), Antonio Joaquim de Castro Ferjo (1862~1917), etc.