So, how can we open the mysterious door of ancient poetry and enter its mysterious and fantastic world? It is not feasible to rely on "scientific research"; It is not reliable to rely on "guessing".
Here are four keys for everyone.
The first key image. Image is the sustenance of the poet's thoughts and feelings. When the ancients wrote poems, they used some images to convey roughly the same thoughts and feelings, such as "the moon", "lilacs", "Hongyan", "cuckoo" and "chilling". "Swallow" expresses love for spring, "Folding willow" expresses farewell to friendship, "Chrysanthemum" expresses nobility and purity, "Indus" expresses desolation and sadness, "Floating clouds" expresses wandering, "Red beans" expresses love or friendship between men and women, and so on.
According to this feature, when reading and appreciating ancient poems, we can grasp vivid images and decipher the emotions and meanings contained in poems through images. For example, Liu Yong's poem Gan Caozi: Autumn dusk, falling lotus, pearls, rain. The moon is born after the rain, and it is freezing. No companion in the pool, alone! But next to the parrot in the golden cage, the words pink lang are written.
The environmental images in this poem are autumn dusk, declining lotus, chaotic rain and Leng Yue. As you can imagine, the atmosphere is cold and bleak, which reveals the inner sadness of the hero. In the poem, the image of parrot chanting "Pink Lang" is also written, which shows that the protagonist is bored and extremely sad. In this way, taking the image in the word as a breakthrough, we can gradually create the artistic conception of the whole word, and then realize the thoughts and feelings entrusted by the word.
The second key-keywords. Keywords refer to words with emotions, joys, sorrows and other emotional colors in ancient poems. They are the natural expression of the poet's thoughts and feelings, and are often the eyes of the whole poem, such as the word "good" in Du Fu's Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night and the word "sad" in "I'm coming three thousand miles away". The word "sadness this autumn" in Ascending the Mountain and the word "happiness" in "I am frantically packing my books and poems" in "Imperial Army Recovering the Banks of the Yellow River". Digging out these keywords, we can find the finishing touch of poetry and grasp the meaning and feelings of the poet. For example, Si Kongshu's five-character poem "Yunyang Inn Don't Shen Han":
How many years have passed since my old friend was in Jianghai?
At first glance, we choked and asked ourselves how old we were.
Our single lamp shines through cold and wet, wet bamboo and dark floating smoke.
But forget the sadness of tomorrow, and leave a cup to cherish.
There are many key words in this poem that can convey the poet's thoughts and feelings, such as "sadness" in couplets, "loneliness", "cold" and "darkness" in necklaces, and "hate" and "pity" in couplets. These words are sad and hazy, expressing the dream-like sadness of the poet and his good friend Han Shen after a long separation.
The third key title. Ancient people often wrote poems like riddles. These poems are riddles with the title of "mystery", especially poems about objects and rewards. When reading poems, they may be enlightened by comparing the titles. For example, Zhu Qingyu's "To Secretary Zhang on the Eve of Jinshi", "The bridal chamber listened to the red candle last night and went to explore menstruation before. After makeup, I asked you in a low voice, and the depth of thrush was out of place. " On the surface, the poem is about the bride's uneasy mood before meeting her in-laws, which may be considered as a "boudoir" poem. But according to the information conveyed by the title of the poem, we can know that it is a poem asking for help from others. It was the poet who asked Zhang Ji of the Ministry of Water Affairs for advice before the Jinshi examination, fearing that his work could not meet the requirements of the examiner, hoping to get expert advice. A few years ago, the appreciation of ancient poems in the national college entrance examination must read Zhang Ji's Qiu Si;
Seeing the autumn wind in Luoyang, I want to send a letter home.
When the letter is written, I am worried that I have not finished what I want to say; When the messenger started, he opened the envelope and gave it to him.
When analyzing the examination paper, it is found that many candidates interpret this poem as an expression of parting. They may have seen the word "pedestrian" in the poem. In fact, as long as they look at the title of Qiu Si and pay attention to the image of "letter from home" in the poem, it is easy to see that this poem is homesick and expresses their feelings for their hometown and relatives.
The fourth point-notes. This is to solve the problem of appreciation of ancient poetry in college entrance examination. When the college entrance examination questions are given, the proposer always thinks of the candidates. When he thinks that candidates have difficulty in reading, he often gives one or two notes to help candidates open a "window" to understand poetry and answer questions. We must grasp this feeling and use it to uncover the mystery of poetry. For example, the Anhui college entrance examination paper once had such a question:
Read the following poem and then answer this question.
Xiaogushan ①
Song Xie Fangde (2)
People say this is Haimen Pass, with boundless sea eyes and shocking people.
Heaven and earth occasionally leave a column of incense, and Jiangshan has this obstacle.
As powerful as a warrior's enemy battlefield and as dangerous as a lonely priest's last days.
Tomorrow I will climb to the top, and I will look at the universe with a broad mind.
Note ① Xiaogushan: Located along the Yangtze River, 65km south of susong county, Anhui Province, with no one around and dangerous terrain. It was a military stronghold in the Southern Song Dynasty. ② Xie Fangde: A native of Yiyang (now Jiangxi) at the end of the Song Dynasty, he took loyalty and righteousness as his own duty and led the army against Yuan Dynasty. After the defeat, he lived in seclusion in Fujian, was threatened by Yuan people to Yanjing, and died of hunger strike. ③ Seaeye: Vortex formed by jet blocking.
(1) What thoughts and feelings does the image of Xiaogushan in the poem entrust to the author?
(2) A brief analysis of the beauty of the word "lonely" in "Danger is like a lonely minister in the last days".
To solve these two problems, we must pay attention to notes, especially the first two notes. Xiaogushan is the mainstay of turning the tide and the embodiment of the author's self. It expresses the poet's heroic feelings of being brave and tenacious, killing the enemy and serving the country, and his firm belief that he can win the anti-Yuan victory, even though he is an isolated minister and is in the last days. Xiao Gushan's "loneliness" and the poet's "eschatological loneliness" not only correspond literally, but also have the same meaning. This word is used naturally and skillfully. This understanding is closely related to the reference information provided by notes, so smart candidates will pay attention to notes, understand poems with notes, determine the direction of answering questions, and answer questions accurately and standardly.
With the help of these four keys, we can open the mysterious door of ancient poetry. In the specific operation, according to the characteristics of poetry, you can use one point or more points. The following is an example of the appreciation of ancient poems in the college entrance examination in Anhui Province:
Read the following words and complete questions 8 ~ 9.
Konakayama? Dragon Boat Festival
Yuan
Abby Tipa is busy everywhere. Whose son is a girl, Qing Duanyang. Fine winding five-color arm silk ① long. Empty and melancholy, who hangs Yuan Xiang (2). Don't talk about the past. A thousand years of loyalty, the sun shines. Reading Li Sao always hurts. No one can solve it, and the tree turns cold in the afternoon.
Note ① Five-color arm silk: Jingchu custom, the Dragon Boat Festival is tied with five-color silk. ② Yuanxiang: Shui Yuan and Xiangshui. There is Miluo River as a tributary of Xiangshui River.
8. From the whole word, how do "empty melancholy" and "no solution" express the author's thoughts and feelings respectively?
9. What is the most prominent expression of this word? Please make a brief analysis of the upper and lower shovels respectively.
From the image point of view, we can see that there are "Abby Typha", "Five-color Silk", "Yuanxiang", "Lisao", "Yin Shu", "Er * * * Nv" and poets. These images are all related to the Dragon Boat Festival, but they can be roughly divided into two categories, one is the custom of the Dragon Boat Festival, and the other is the historical connotation of the Dragon Boat Festival. From the perspective of key words, we can find out "emptiness and melancholy", "total injury", "no solution" and "indifference". From the perspective of title and annotation, we can see that this poem is related to the ancient patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Connecting these aspects, we can imagine that when the Dragon Boat Festival comes, people are busy inserting wormwood cattails and winding their five-color arms, while poets are reading Li Sao and hanging it in Yuanxiang to mourn the ancient sages. The poet's "melancholy", "sadness" and "indifference" not only aroused Qu Yuan's loyalty and life experience, but also felt that the world did not understand him. In this way, we can understand the author's thoughts and feelings expressed in 1 sub-item "empty melancholy" and "no one can solve it", regardless of the expression method of the second sub-item analysis and comparison (or contrast). Of course, we can also ask questions from words such as "melancholy", "sadness", "indifference" and "no one can explain" that convey the poet's feelings: why do poets have such thoughts and feelings? Let's take a look at the images written in the poem first, and then link them with the title and annotation of the poem to solve the "mystery" that breeds the poet's feelings reasonably. Once this mystery is solved, the great thoughts and feelings conveyed by "empty melancholy" and "no one can solve it" will be clear, and the contrast techniques used in the poem will be clear. With so many perspectives, the mysterious door of poetry opens, and the answers to two appreciation questions are not a problem.