Release date: 2005-12-518: 08: 50 Author: anonymous source: original site.
● Original text
Building a house is under human conditions, but there are no horses and chariots. When you ask him what he can do, your heart is far away. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. There is a real meaning in this, but I have forgotten what I want to say.
● Background introduction
Tao Yuanming (365 ~ 427), a chaisang man in Xunyang, wrote pastoral life and street scenery with the pen of diluting Qingyuan, which opened up a new realm for poetry.
There are 22 poems in Drinking * * *. This is the third poem. There is a small preface in front, which shows that all works are drunk, not written at the moment, and there is no internal connection. This poem mainly shows the interest of seclusion. After work, after drinking, under the reflection of sunset glow, under the cover of Shan Lan, I picked chrysanthemums in the east fence and looked at Nanshan in the distance. One of the characteristics of Tao's poems is simplicity, and emotion and reason are integrated and inseparable. He often uses words such as "forgetting words" and "forgetting" to block the exploration and revelation of rational laws, which may be a manifestation of poetry returning to nature.
Comments by Professor Cheng Yuzhui, Chinese Department of Peking University.
The host Tao Yuanming lives in the countryside and is a hermit who doesn't care about the world. He can have a far-reaching influence on China literature, and even become the spiritual home of later literati. Can you talk about his position in the history of China literature?
Cheng Yuzhui Tao Yuanming has a very prominent position in the history of China literature. His 120 poems can be said to be very good in every capital. We can say that many poems with themes before the Tang Dynasty reached their peak only in the Tang Dynasty, such as frontier poems, landscape poems and farewell poems. There is only one very special phenomenon, pastoral poetry is initiated by Tao Yuanming. It was pushed to the peak by Tao Yuanming. We said that there were many pastoral poets in the Tang Dynasty, such as Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, and there were also some pastoral poets in the Song Dynasty, such as Fan Chengda and Yang Wanli. It should be said that their pastoral poems are all under the cover of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems, which can be said to be no more than Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems. Therefore, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems are a very valuable asset in the history of China literature.
He was born in 365 AD and died in 427. His life can be divided into three periods: before the age of 29, he mainly studied. From the age of 29 to 4 1 year-old, being an official for a period of time and then retiring is a period of repeated official seclusion. When he was a county magistrate in Pengze, his superiors came to inspect the work, and the lower scribes said, you should put on your clothes and hat before you go to see them. He sighed and said, "I can't bend over to the children in the village for five buckets of rice", so he hung up his hat and left. This spirit of fighting for five buckets of rice is the pride of our intellectuals in China, which has influenced generations of intellectuals. Like Li Bai, he said, "Oh, how can I solemnly bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials whose sincere faces will never be seen?" This spirit is very valuable. Then he hung up his hat and retired. He spent his old age in the countryside. He has a good relationship with the villagers. When there is wine, he invites the old man next door to drink it with him. When he was out of wine, he knocked on people's doors and said if there was any wine in your house, so it was very frank. Moreover, he also personally participated in manual labor. He wrote a poem, "Shannan grows beans and the grass is full of bean sprouts." It's ridiculous in the morning, and the lotus takes it home. " Clothing is not enough, but it makes you wish. "This' wish' is generally understood as the desire to return to nature, but I think there is another explanation besides this, that is, this wish is the desire to harvest. I think as long as there is a bumper harvest, it doesn't matter if the clothes are wet, so this understanding may be closer to ordinary people and will not affect the greatness of Tao Yuanming's image at all. Tao Yuanming's personality is very frank. He said it himself. Sex autumn mountain. " He likes nature and frankness very much. There is a typical example. He can't play the piano, but there is always a piano with strings at home, that is, a piano without strings. When he is happy, he will pull it off with a pick. Without strings, there must be no sound. If there is no sound, don't make such a sound. "But if you are interested in the piano, why bother to play the strings?" In other words, as long as there is a piano.
Please ask the host to comment on Tao Yuanming's drinking.
Cheng Yuzhui's poems are very good. He said at the beginning that "building a house is on earth, but there is no noise of horses and chariots." He built his house on earth, but he couldn't hear the sound of horses and chariots, so there must be the sound of horses and chariots on earth. Why is there no noise of horses and chariots? He asked himself, "I asked you why not", that is, I asked you what brought you to this point. Next, answer "under the hedge of picking chrysanthemums, leisurely see Nanshan". This is Tao Yuanming's very famous chrysanthemum poem. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence" means leaning down, and "leisurely seeing Nanshan" means leaning up. Under the "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence", he inadvertently looked up to see Nanshan, the beautiful Nanshan is Lushan Mountain, and Lushan Mountain in his hometown suddenly jumped into his eyes. He said that "the weather is getting better and better, birds are singing and flowers are fragrant", which means that the natural landscape on the mountain is good in the morning and evening. At night, the birds call their friends and return together. Nature returns to the nest in this natural atmosphere. Then Tao Yuanming felt a certain situation in life from such a very natural and frank artistic conception. But such a delicate situation.
What does this poem by the host mean to us today?
Cheng Yuzhui's poem is a very good poem, and its beauty lies in the truth of feelings and the naturalness of everything. In particular, "Ask the monarch what he can, and his heart is far from biased" and "His heart is far from biased" are also enlightening to us today, that is, we live in a very modern and noisy society today, and it is impossible to live in seclusion in the mountains like Tao Yuanming's time. In this very lively reality, as long as each of us keeps our hearts away from some fame and fortune, some material pursuits and some secular officialdom, then the place where we live will become remote and our mood will become quiet. We will also overcome some impetuous emotions, which will make us very quiet, which is very beneficial to our own life cultivation and the peace of our society.
Building a house is under human conditions,
There is no noise of horses and chariots.
Ask what you can do,
The heart is far from being self-centered.
Under the hedge of picking chrysanthemums,
See Nanshan leisurely.
The mountains are getting better every day,
Birds will come back together.
There is a real meaning in this,
I have forgotten what I said when I wanted to argue.
Tao Yuanming, a poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, said goodbye to Peng after his seclusion. By describing the beautiful scenery of the countryside, the poet showed his leisurely life and detached state of mind.
The language of this poem is plain and simple, but it does not lose its charm. It is natural and intriguing to write a refreshing realm in everyday language without exaggeration. The phrase "a word is natural and eternal, luxurious and perfect" fully expresses the language characteristics of this poem.
Take scenery as the source of poetry, emotion as the edge of poetry, and reason as the end of poetry. The "mind" and "land" in the first four sentences are the relationship between subjective spirit and objective environment. As long as you are "ambitious", you will not be disturbed by secular noise anywhere. You enjoy the mountains while picking chrysanthemums, and people and scenery are integrated. The atmosphere on the mountain and the returning birds make up a beautiful scenery.
The whole poem is fresh and natural, without any affectation, and writes the poet's indisputable and complacent feelings. Without his extraordinary personality and clear understanding of life, how could there be such a vast poem? Everyone wants something. People don't want anything, but they want different things. Man's desire is infinite, but it is limited. At what age you live, you will have desires. Without desire, there is no hope. However, people want to make them because of life. Different people have different desires, and different desires make different people. If you want to be regular, you will get results. How about life? You should focus on desire. Whether it is a blessing or a curse, we should grasp it separately. If you want greed, don't fall.