1. Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism is a romantic trend of thought that was born in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s. Its founder was thinker, essayist and poet Ralph Waldo Emerson, whose ideas epitomized the core ideas of Transcendentalism.
The core view of transcendentalism is that people can transcend feelings and reason and directly understand the truth, emphasizing the importance of intuition. It believes that everything in the human world is a microcosm of the universe. "The world shrinks itself to a drop of dew" (Emerson's words), which faded with the birth of practical philosophy.
Transcendentalists emphasize the essential unity of all things. All things are controlled by the "Oversoul", and the human soul is consistent with the "Oversoul". This affirmation of the divinity of man made transcendentalists defy external authority and tradition and rely on their own direct experience. "Believe in thyself", Emerson's famous saying, became the motto of the Transcendentalists.
This transcendental view emphasizes human subjective initiative, helps to break the shackles of Calvinistic dogmas such as "human nature is evil" and "predestination", and creates a romantic literature that is passionate and expresses individuality. Laying the ideological foundation
Transcendentalism is not a complete and rigorous philosophical system, but a collection of similar or identical ideological views. So far, domestic scholars have summarized Transcendentalism mostly as its external characteristics or some aspect of its internal characteristics, such as the belief in the "supersoul", the promotion of the spirit of self-reliance and democracy, and the realization of American cultural independence. important meaning.
2. The Lost Generation
The Lost Generation, also known as the Lost Generation, is a period from World War I to the First World War proposed by American literary critic Gertrude Stein. A general term for a group of American writers who emerged during World War II. What they all show together is a kind of disappointment and dissatisfaction with the development of American society.
The reason why they are confused is that the traditional values ??of this generation are no longer suitable for the post-war world, but they cannot find new standards of life. They believe that only reality is the truth, but reality is cruel. So they can only act according to their own instincts and senses, try their best to rebel against previous ideals and values, and use rebellious thoughts and behaviors to express their dissatisfaction with reality.
3. Free verse
Free verse is poetry without regular syllables, rhymes, or other formal designs. It pursues "organic form" and relies on the natural rhythm of speech. This kind of speech is "natural" to the theme and emotion of the poem. Free verse is not a modern invention, but it occupied a prominent position with the advent of modernism and constituted a rebellion against the fixed forms of poetry in the 19th century.
Free verse does not have any external form to use. Compared with previous poems, it may be the most difficult to write well. T. S. Eliot pointed out in "Views on Free Verse" in 1917 that "no poetry is free for someone who wants to do one thing well."
It is generally believed that the 19th-century American poet Whitman is the founder of free verse, and his representative work is "Leaves of Grass".
Before and after the May Fourth Movement, free verse became popular in our country, such as Guo Moruo's "Goddess", Hu Shi, Liu Bannong, and Xu Zhimo's "Crescent School"
4. Classicism
Classicism, which was formed and flourished in France in the 17th century, absorbed artistic forms and themes from ancient Greek and Roman literature, advocated supporting centralization, respecting royal power, and praising wise monarchs; advocating reason, restraining personal passions, and having strict art Norms and standards. Representative figures and works include Gao Naiyi's "Cid", Racine's "Andromache", etc.
5. Impressionism
Impressionism In the history of Western art, the term Impressionism has two meanings: one refers to the Impressionism school that originated in France; the other refers to the innovation of techniques. Impressionism art trend and its wide-ranging influence, which has worldwide significance. [1]
Impressionism, also known as Impressionism, also known as "Luminism", is an important art school in the history of Western painting, which originated in France in the 1860s. The oil painting titled "Impression Sunrise" created by Monet in 1874 was attacked by academics. Critics jokingly called these painters "Impressionists", hence the name Impressionism.
Baidu Encyclopedia - Transcendentalism
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Baidu Encyclopedia - Classicism
Baidu Encyclopedia-Impressionism