The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in ancient China. Around the sixth century BC, it became popular in society. Originally called "Poetry" and "Poetry 300", it was called "The Book of Songs" in the Han Dynasty. * * * Collected 305 Zhou Dynasty poems (15 national styles 160, mostly folk lyric poems; Xiaoya 74, mainly political satires and banquet poems, is elegant and mainly epic; 40 carols, mainly prayer carols at sacrificial ceremonies). ***39224 words (Lao Zheng).
National wind music songs in various regions; Elegance-the song of true music-the song of Wang Ji's music; Ode-the music song of the ancestral temple.
Second, the characteristics of The Book of Songs:
The Book of Songs has at least seven characteristics: first, the art of fu Bixing; Second, realistic techniques; Third, the simple and natural folk song style; Fourth, changeable syntax; Fifth, rich vocabulary and rhetoric; Sixth, the repetition of music and songs; Seventh, the use of rhyme in various formats (sentence rhyme, sentence rhyme, cross rhyme, etc. Therefore, some people say that The Book of Songs is the unshakable foundation of China's poetry and literature. Let's talk about the first and fourth points:
Fu Bixing's Art
Fu, fu, etc. are outspoken. (narration and description. )
Compare, compare this thing with another. (Biography of Poetry, Nan Zhou's Notes)
It says attached meaning and threatens to cut things. (Liu Xie: "Wenxindiaolong Bixing")
A) metaphor: simile does not see a gentleman, Zhu is worried. (Nan Zhou Lu Fen)
This is a metaphor for the ruler Yin. (Xiaoya Xie Nanshan)
Is it a metaphor that marrying a wife is ginger? (Chen Feng Hengmen)
B) Imitation: For example, The Wind and the Owl. Poetry similar to later generations. Zhu Ziqing called it "Bi-style Poetry" in "Distinguishing Poems, Expressing Aspiration and Fu Bi's General Affairs".
Monkey, say something else first so that the lyrics can be sung. ("Biography of Poetry, Nan Zhou Guanluo Note")
Xing, qi also. ..... from the feeling, according to the micro. (Liu Xie: "Wenxindiaolong Bixing")
Xing also has two meanings: beginning and feeling. The so-called "touching the scene, starting from things" is also.
The situation of star sentences in The Book of Songs can be divided into:
A) Images containing metaphors and symbolic meanings are used to generate and symbolize. Such as: "Peach flies away and burns its splendor. My son should be at home when he returns to China. " (Nan Zhou Yao Tao)
B) Use the images of natural scenery to arouse feelings and contrast. Such as: "Yan (birds fly fast) is the morning wind (Yan), and the forest in the north is gloomy. I don't see a gentleman. I'm worried about Qin Qin. " (Chen Feng, Qin Feng)
C) Describe the natural environment to set off the atmosphere and artistic conception. Such as: "White dew is frost. The so-called Iraqis are on the water side. " (Jian Qin)
D) It is also difficult to find out the internal relationship between scenery description and meaning, but it plays the role of "beginning" and rhyme in form. Such as: "pick the cymbals, the east of the first day. What people say, there is no way. " (Tang-style diamond picking)
Variable grammar
The rhythm of four-character poems is two beats per sentence. In order to avoid monotony, the authors of the Book of Songs adopted flexible syntax. Its syntax mainly includes: juxtaposition (including parallelism), subject-predicate decision, exclamation, question and answer, rhetorical question, function word embedded sentence, miscellaneous sentence (with three, five, six, seven and eight words) and so on.
Thirdly, the rhyme of The Book of Songs.
There are 305 poems in The Book of Songs. Except for 8 poems in Zhou Song, all the other 297 poems rhyme. (See the rhyme reading of the Book of Songs by Wang Li)
Changdi's Textual Research on the Ancient Sounds of Mao Poetry in Ming Dynasty said: "Scholars' chapters must have syllables, and the folk songs in the field are also harmonious. Are there any ancient poems that don't rhyme? It is imperative to cover ancient and modern times, with north and south, words changed and sounds moved. Therefore, it is inevitable to read ancient works with today's voice. "
The specific analysis of rhyme in The Book of Songs is as follows:
A, from the position of rhyme foot in the sentence: or at the end of the sentence (so-called sentence ending rhyme, common); Or before the modal particles at the end of the sentence (so-called sentence rhyme).
B, from the distance between the rhymes, it can be divided into:
1. The sentence rhymes. Such as: the first chapter of Feng Wei Shuo, and the second, third and fourth chapters of Nan Zhou Juan Er.
2. Sentences rhyme (even sentences rhyme). Such as: the first chapter of "Curled Ears". Or the first sentence rhymes; Or the first sentence doesn't rhyme.
3. Rhyme (single sentence, double sentence, double sentence). Such as: the third chapter of Gao Feng Jing Nv.
4. Rhyme (one, four, two, three).
5. Sparse rhyme (every two sentences).
6. Far rhyme (a sentence in this chapter is tied with a sentence in the corresponding part of the next chapter).
C, judging from the number of rhymes used in the chapter:
Or a rhyme to the end (including the same part and adjacent rhyme); Or rhyme. As Chandi said: "Shi Mao's rhyme can't be the same." Its rhythm is natural, "moving in secret, not carving", the so-called "nature" is also.
Four. refer to
1. the justice of Mao's poems: biography of Mao Heng in Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan's Notes, Kong Zhengyi in Tang Dynasty and Notes to Thirteen Classics.
2. Biography of the Book of Songs: Song Zhuxi's Note, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 1958.
3. Yu Guanying: Selected Poems, People's Literature Publishing House 1956.
4. Chen Zizhan: The Book of Songs, Fudan University Press 1983.
5. Peak: Notes on the Book of Songs, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 1980.
6. Cheng Junying: Annotations to the Book of Songs, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 1985.
7. Yuan Mei: Notes on the Book of Songs, Qilu Bookstore (Guofeng section 1980, Song Ya section 198 1).
8. Jin Qihua: Complete Translation of the Book of Songs, Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House 1984.
9. Zhou: The Book of Songs, China Classical Literature Basic Knowledge Series, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 1980.