There are many explanations for the title of Li Sao. The earliest explanation is that Sima Qian quoted the words in Biography of Qu Yuan in Historical Records: Those who leave Sao are still worried. But this statement is vague, and it is easy for people to understand it separately from Sao. For example, Ban Gu said in the preface to Li Sao: It is not good to leave. Sao, worry also. Ming has been worried about ren's speech. This means leaving training to suffering, suffering is suffering, and leaving sadness becomes suffering. And Wang Yi's "Chu Zhang Ci Sentence" says: Stay, don't leave. Sao, sorrow. Directly interpret parting as parting, and Li Sao means not caring.
Today, Mr. You thinks that the name Li Sao has a double meaning. Musically, this was a title of Chu State at that time. From the perspective of ancient phonology, Li Sao is Lao Shang, and Wang Yi's annotation "driving debate" and "Lao Shang" are all appellations. In meaning, the word Li Sao also means complaining. In ancient times, prison worries, resentment and dissolute were linked by double-tone rhyming. Of the above three statements, we think Mr. You Guoen's statement is more appropriate. Qu Yuan's works have an indissoluble bond with folk literature. He writes Chu language, Chu sound and Chu land, and is famous for Chu objects (Huang Bowen's Preface to Lisao). Naturally, he can use folk songs as the title of his works. Such as "Nine Songs".
Regarding the creation time of Li Sao, the old theory mostly thinks that Qu Yuan was written after he was demoted (or released) to Huai Shang, but it does not specify the specific time. Hong Guangzu's Supplement to Chu Ci is defined as having been pregnant with the king for about 16 years. Modern scholars have put forward various explanations according to Historical Records and Biographies of Qu Yuan: Lu Kan, as in Biographies of Qu Yuan, thinks that Wang Huai was deposed in 1934. The Notes on Qu Yuan's Fu Theory holds that Qu Yuan's Fu Theory originated in sixteen years and was completed in the early years of Wang Dynasty. Is it three years ago or three years later that You Guoen's Introduction to Songs of the South was pushed to Wang Xiang? Guo Moruo's Study of Qu Yuan thinks that it was written in the 21st year of King Qingxiang, that is, the year of self-sinking. We think Li Sao should have been written around 30 years ago in Wang Huai. The reason is:
1. Qu Yuan was fifty-five years old this year, which is consistent with the age of Ran Ran repeatedly stated in the works, and also with the age of the strong man Fangzhuang who will be old but not old.
Secondly, judging from the profundity of grief and indignation expressed in Li Sao and the grandeur of creation, unlike old age, the most suitable age is middle age around 50.
Thirdly, according to historical facts, a series of great events in Chu Huaiwang during the twenty-five to thirty years are reflected in Li Sao. However, the husband and wife happily stole the fun, and the road was quiet and dangerous. I'm afraid of the rest of my body and the failure of the emperor. Only when the danger of the party's road is fully exposed will the poet make such an assertion. And this danger was very obvious when I was pregnant with the king for 30 years. It is not difficult for me to leave my husband, and it is difficult to quantify my practice. That Chu Huaiwang has been willful more than once and twice.
According to this inference, Li Sao is considered to have died about 30 years after entering Wuguan and before Qin Dynasty. There is no news in Li Sao that Wang Huai was imprisoned and died in the State of Qin, so it is estimated that Wang Huai could not do it after he died in the State of Qin.
Li Sao is a long and sad poem, which fully reflects Qu Yuan's thoughts, feelings and mental outlook. The whole poem can be divided into several natural paragraphs, but according to its ideological content, it can be roughly divided into two parts. In the first part, the poet reviewed his hard thinking, political reform and state affairs reform. In the second part, he wrote all kinds of inner contradictions after his exile and his determination to die for his ideal and his motherland. The poem sharply criticized the dark rule and wrong behavior of the decadent nobles in Chu, and also poured out the poet's sincere patriotic belief and extreme pain and sadness in saving the country. The whole poem has strong emotional ups and downs and is shocking.
From beginning to end, although I didn't change my mind, it was the first half. First of all, self-narrative lineage, Kao Zu, origin, naming.
Emperor Levin is a descendant of Miao nationality, and I am the emperor Kao Boyong.
I went to Meng Xi with my virginity, but Geng Yin and I surrendered.
The emperor's glimpse of Yu Yu was the first step, and Zhao Xiyu was famous.
The name Yu is formal, but the word Yu is both.
The poet described his family background in an extremely solemn tone, saying that he was a descendant of Zhuan Xu, the emperor of Levin, and was related to the king of Chu. My birthday is also different from others, just born on Geng Yin Day the year after next. His noble birth, strange birthday and the good name given to him by his father filled him with confidence. As relatives of the royal family of Chu, they are duty-bound to the survival of Chu. The name given to him by his father, Bo Yong, is exactly the creed that Qu Yuan adhered to all his life: the principle of justice in combination and the principle of non-conformity; All spirits are good and unified.
Next, the poet expressed his morality, talents and ideals, as well as his desire to devote himself to the monarch.
If I am not as good as me, I am afraid that my age is not with me.
Mulan Xi in the morning and maize in the evening.
The sun and the moon suddenly don't flood, and the spring and autumn have successively.
But the vegetation is scattered, and I am afraid that the beauty will come late.
Do not cherish the strong, abandon filth, why not change this degree.
Take the horse galloping, come to my way first.
How time flies! I always seem to miss it. I'm afraid time waits for no man. I pull magnolia in the mountains in the morning and pick it by the water at dusk. Time flies; When spring comes to Qiu Lai, the four seasons change constantly. If yellow leaves fall in the west wind, I am afraid that beauty will gradually age. Get rid of evil morals and change that bad practice in the prime of life. If you want to ride a good horse, come on, I'll show you the way!
Here, La Mulan, being headstrong, is just a concrete manifestation of self-cultivation. Mulan is a solid and patient plant, which can be compared with her noble character of diligent study and perseverance. And fear of vegetation withering, fear of beauty withering, is afraid of time flowing away in vain, to take advantage of youth, take advantage of prosperity, make a difference. Qu Yuan is worried about the future of Chu. His ideal is to make Chu rich and help the king of Chu to be the master of revival.
I'm afraid of the rest of my body and the failure of the emperor.
Suddenly ran to Xi, and the heel of the former king.
The poet is not afraid of his own disaster, but he is worried that the king's car will turn over. The poet ran to the imperial court, hoping to assist the king of Chu, manage Chu well and catch up with the achievements of the former king. The former king here refers to the wise monarchs who made great contributions when Chu was founded: Xiong Yi, Ruoyu and Mao. Qu Yuan's ideal is to revitalize the declining Chu State and make it strong again.
However, the poet's ideal and loyalty to serve the country were not understood, but he was attacked and excluded because he violated the interests of the old-school nobles. However, being confused by the king and blindly listening to rumors made him sad.
The resentment of practice is mighty and will never be seen by the people.
Many women are jealous of Yu's beauty. They say Yu is good at prostitution.
The poet accused Chu Huaiwang of thinking things at a loss and finally failed to understand his good intentions. The little people around King Huai were jealous of his virtue and slandered him as a man of * * *. What makes the poet feel even more sad is that the talents he has worked so hard to cultivate to realize American political ideals have also deteriorated and become figures in the conservative aristocratic camp: Ji has lush foliage and hopes to be mowed; Although it is withered, it is harmless and mourns the filth of the public. Originally, the poet hoped that they could grow into talented people so that they could be ordered to govern the country, but now they have all changed. The poet was alienated and abandoned. Despite such a severe blow, the poet never thought of compromise. On the contrary, he is more determined and persistent in pursuing his own ideals:
Raptors are not crowded because of their previous lives.
Where have the ability to become Zhou Xi, her husband is different and peaceful.
Curse your heart and suppress your ambition, and endure it, especially when it comes out;
Be innocent, die straight, and be thicker than the former sanctuary.
Hawks and sparrows are not a group, as they have been since ancient times. How can squares and circles get along, and how can people with different interests live in peace? If you are wronged and depressed, let us endure the rumors and insults of villains; Keeping innocent moral integrity and dying for justice has always been praised by the saints of the previous generation. In fact, raptors refer to people with integrity. Raptors are not a group, or they don't go along with villains. Poets adhere to their own personality standards and actively explore ways to realize American political ideals. His lofty aspirations cannot be changed. Although my body has not changed, how can I punish my heart? Even if I am dismembered and tortured, it will not change my moral integrity. Can my heart still give in? This is the poet's oath after recalling his political career: stick to his ideal, erin brockovich.
The second half of Li Sao describes the poet's rethinking and exploration of his life path after being left out in the cold. In this part, the poet fully shows his complicated inner contradictions, and further expresses his ambition and loyalty to the motherland by re-choosing his own life path.
First of all, when the poet was extremely depressed, the woman advised him to change his attitude and do as the Romans do:
The woman's daughter Yu Yuan applied for her surplus;
Yue: The gun is dead, but it is a wild hair.
You like repairing, and you are unique in this respect.
Self and surplus room Xi, sentenced to independence and refused to accept it.
Many people can't talk about it. It's the feelings of Yunjian Yu.
The world is a good friend at the same time, why not just listen alone?
The woman warned Qu Yuan that Bo Gun was honest and selfless and was killed by Zhu Rong in the countryside of Yushan. Why should we be too upright, pay too much attention to good moral integrity, be unique and have so many virtues? Everyone heaps weeds all over the house, but you won't wear them alone. Ordinary people don't know you, and they can't explain from door to door. Who knows our hearts? Secular people collude with each other and flatter each other for personal gain. Why do you like being lonely and not listening to me?
Women are fictional characters, and their persuasion only represents another aspect of Qu Yuan's ideological contradiction. After a contradictory struggle, he still refused to protect himself from vulgarity. Then I fantasized about going to the ancient emperor Zhong Hua (Shun) and telling him the historical facts of the rise and fall of the past dynasties and my own political opinions, which was recognized by Zhong Hua. He was encouraged and increased his confidence. So began a vigorous process of asking for women. Ancient and modern scholars have different opinions about what to compare with women. Some people think it's seeking a monarch, some people think it's seeking a minister, and some people think it's seeking talents or like-minded people. We believe that pursuing women according to the above ideals confirmed by Zhong Hua should mean that Qu Yuan should seek a way to realize his American political ideals. But ask Fu Fei and think it is frivolous and rude; Looking for a woman who lost her virginity was preempted by Gao Xin; Finally, I want to keep Yu's second Yao. The matchmaker is not profitable. It shows that poets can't have women, and that poets can't find a way to realize their political ideals in Chu. But the poet still wouldn't. He asked God for advice to see if he could realize his ideal in Chu.
As a result, Lingqi and Wuxian advised him to leave Chu and die far away. The spiritual atmosphere and Wu Xian persuaded Qu Yuan from different angles. The spiritual atmosphere highlighted the sinister environment in which Chu was in power and jealous of talents, and persuaded Qu Yuan to leave here. Wu Xian, on the other hand, focuses on the clear expression of the road he chose after going to the country, enumerating historical facts and proving that a good minister must know a good gentleman. This paper demonstrates the inevitability of Qu Yuan leaving Chu State and dying far away from home from different aspects. Spiritual atmosphere says that there is no virtuous minister in Chu, and Hsien Wu says that there is a virtuous monarch outside, which is a manifestation of mutual understanding between paragraphs. There is no virtuous minister in Chu, which means that there is no virtuous monarch in Chu, and there is a virtuous monarch outside, so it is obviously impossible to realize his ideal in Chu. After listening to Zhan's poems, the poet reanalyzed the dark reality of Chu State and decided to leave Chu State to entertain himself and talk about floating around looking for women. Moreover, the remaining ornaments are relatively square, and the weekly flow is almost up and down. Prepare to go to a foreign country to find the environment and ways to realize your ideal. When flying in the sky in fantasy, driving a dragon, riding a Yao car, playing nine songs and dancing, Shao saw his hometown of Chu:
When I was promoted to emperor, I suddenly came to my hometown.
The servant is sadder than Mahuai, but he can't help it.
When the poet was flying in the bright sky, he suddenly saw his hometown. The servant was very sad, and the horse was reluctant to go back and refused to go any further. The poet finally stayed. The poet's deep patriotic feelings finally overcame all kinds of temptations, knowing that Chu was so dark that it would be excluded and hit forever, but it was inseparable from Chu. I love Chu, but I can't do my best for Chu. I can't realize my political ideal and enrich Qiang Bing. This huge contradiction in Qu Yuan's mind made him determined to die:
It's over!
Nobody in the country knows me, so why go to my old capital?
Since it's not enough for American politics, I'll stay at Peng Xian's house.
This is the end of everything. Chu doesn't understand me. Why should I miss it? Since my American political ideal can't be realized, I have to follow Peng Xian all my life.
Li Sao is a magnificent political lyric poem, which always runs through the poet's incomparable patriotic thoughts and feelings. In order to save the motherland from peril and revitalize Chu, he waged a resolute and tenacious struggle with the decadent aristocratic ruling group in Chu. At the same time, when he was hit and in trouble, he still actively pursued his own personality ideal and actively explored the road of saving the country and the people. This indomitable spirit of struggle and pursuit is reflected in this poem, which strongly and profoundly expresses its patriotic theme.