poetic sentiment
1. The characteristics of poetry
Poetry is a literary genre that reflects real life through rhythmic and rhythmic language and expresses thoughts and feelings with strong feelings and rich imagination. Lyrical color, beautiful rhyme and implicit condensation are the three basic characteristics of poetry. There are many kinds of poems. From the content, there are mainly lyric poems and narrative poems, and from the form, there are metrical poems, free poems and folk songs.
2. Classification of poetry
China's ancient poetry can be roughly divided into two categories: one is called archaic poetry (or "ancient style"), which began in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the new metrical poems that appeared at that time were called modern poems, while those that originated from less metrical restrictions before the Tang Dynasty were called ancient poems. Following the viewpoint of the Tang Dynasty, later generations called Yuefu folk songs, poems written by scholars before and after the Tang Dynasty "archaic poems". There are four words (such as The Book of Songs), five words (such as Han Yuefu), seven words (such as Cao Pi's Ge Yanxing) and miscellaneous words (such as Li Bai's Shu Dao Nan). The rhyme of ancient poetry is relatively free. The other is called modern poetry (or "modern poetry"), which is a new style of poetry that appeared in the Tang Dynasty.
There are two kinds of modern poetry, one is called "quatrains", each with four sentences, which are abbreviated as five words and seven words. The other is called "metrical poem", with eight sentences each, five short words and seven short words, and those with more than eight sentences are called "metrical poem".
Step 3 talk
Ci is a genre evolved from poetry. Ci is a kind of poetic style that can be sung in harmony and has uneven sentence length. The formal characteristics of words are "the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number, and the word has a fixed tone". Every word has a title called "epigraph".
The number of words is relatively short, and the shortest is only a dozen words. For example, the 16-character sequence, the longest is only 240 words, such as the bird song sequence. Generally speaking, words within 58 characters are considered as "small order", words from 59 to 90 are "middle tone" and words above 9 1 are "long tone". Structurally, most words are segmented, one paragraph.
4. quart (short for Quart)
Qu is a classical poetry genre after poetry, which prevailed after Yuan Dynasty.
Qu can be divided into Sanqu and Drama. Sanqu is only used for oratorios and chanting.
Opera enters drama and becomes lyrics. There are Qupai and Gongdiao. Qupai is the musical form of a tune, which stipulates the number of sentences, words, levels and rhymes of the tune. Each tune belongs to a palace tune, and each palace tune has several tunes.
The system of Sanqu can be divided into two types: a poem and several songs. The basic form of poetry is a single song, and each poem has only one song card, which rhymes to the end. The number of sets (also known as "sets") is to connect many tunes into a set of songs and sing a content in the same palace tune, which can be used not only to write scenery and express feelings, but also to describe a story fragment, such as Sui's "Generally Related to Tones". Gaozu returned home. "
On the Classification of Ancient Poetry
China's poems have a long history and are rich in excellent works. In ancient China, unhappy people were called poems, happy people were called songs and lyrics. The ancients said that "poetry expresses ambition, and songs express ambition" refers to the role of poetry and songs. The poems mentioned today mainly refer to biased poems, while the poems mentioned refer to poems.
There are many kinds of poems.
According to the content, there are lyric poems, narrative poems, farewell poems, frontier poems and pastoral poems. According to the structural forms, there are metrical poems, free poems, prose poems and allegro poems; There are new poems and old poems according to time; From other angles, it can also be divided into: philosophical poems, limerick poems, satirical poems, recitation poems and so on.
The so-called ancient poetry refers to the old poetry as opposed to the new poetry, that is, the poetry of China society before the May 4th Movement, also known as the old-style poetry.
Ancient poetry can be divided into four-character poems, five-character poems, six-character poems, seven-character poems and miscellaneous poems. According to the genre, it can be divided into: Chu ci style, Yuefu style, Gexing style, metrical style, etc. According to the standard of temperament, it can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry.
Classical poetry and modern poetry are concepts formed in the Tang Dynasty. Before the Tang Dynasty, writing poems did not pay attention to level, antithesis and free rhyme, and the number of sentence patterns was unlimited. Each sentence has four, five, six, seven and miscellaneous words (many people later used classical poetry and seven words), so the Tang people called this kind of poetry classical poetry, also known as ancient poetry and ancient style. There are strict rules on the number of words, sentences, even tones and rhymes. For example, each rhyme has four or eight sentences, which originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty. The number of words in each sentence must be the same, which can be four or five rhymes.
Two couplets must be antithetical, with two, four, six and eight rhymes, and the first sentence can be put or not. If it is arranged on the basis of the fixed rhythm of poetry and lasts for more than ten sentences, it is called the arrangement of methods. In addition to the first and last couplets, the upper and lower sentences need antithesis, and there are also antitheses, which are called "model pairs" For another example, quatrains are just antithetical sentences of two or four sentences, also called poems, sentences and sentences.
Strictly speaking, metrical poems include words and songs in addition to metrical poems and quatrains, while modern poems only refer to metrical quatrains without words and songs, so strictly speaking, generalized metrical poems cannot all be equal to modern poems.
Compared with the generalized metrical genre, the poetic genre includes Chuci, Yuefu and Gexing.
Chu Ci is a form of poetry created by Qu Yuan during the Warring States Period, which is characterized by the use of dialects and phonology of Chu Ci and has a strong Chu color. The Songs of the South edited by Liu Xiang in the Eastern Han Dynasty has 17 parts, mainly based on Qu Yuan's works, and Qu Yuan's works take Li Sao as his masterpiece, so later generations call the Songs of the South Sao.
Yuefu style refers to the songs collected and preserved by Yuefu institutions from Han Wei to Tang and Five Dynasties.
Gexing style is a variant of Yuefu poetry. After the Han and Wei Dynasties, there appeared many Yuefu poems with the themes of "Song" and "Xing". Although they have different names, there is no strict difference between them. They all mean "song", and their syllables and rhythms are generally free. Their forms adopt the ancient style of five words, seven words and miscellaneous words, which are rich in changes and formed in the future. Although it is called Yuefu, it is not limited to melody, so it is called New Yuefu. This kind of poetry has been greatly developed by Li Bai and Du Fu, such as Du Fu's Sad Chen Tao, Mourning for the Head of a General, A Car Shop, Two Roads, etc. Many of Bai Juyi's works adopt Yuefu style, mostly mixed in three languages and seven languages.
Knowing the classification of ancient poetry, when we face a specific work, it is easy to identify its genre type. For example, Chen Ziang is on the tower of Youzhou (where the time before me has passed? Behind me, where are the future generations? I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, my tears fall down. ) and Bai Juyi's Flowers Are Not Flowers (Flowers are not flowers, fog is not fog, midnight comes and dawn disappears. When there are many spring dreams in the future, it seems that there is nowhere to find them. Some people say that it is a metrical poem (see page 222 of the first volume of Chinese Teaching Reference Book for Secondary Vocational Schools, published by Higher Education Press in July 2000), but according to the characteristics of metrical poems, these two poems cannot be counted as metrical poems in any case. In fact, the title of Chen's poem has been clearly stated: this is a poem with poetic style; As for the white poem, a careful analysis should be a new Yuefu poem in a few words.