Although the multi-provincial entrance examination in public institutions divides the examination categories into five categories according to different job types: comprehensive management (a), social science expertise (b), natural science expertise (c), primary and secondary school teachers (d) and medical and health care (e), these five types of written examination subjects are "professional aptitude test" and "comprehensive application ability" respectively, which shows that comprehensive application ability accounts for half of the written examination. Different types of questions are different. Today, we mainly introduce the basic examination situation and preparation methods of comprehensive application ability C (also known as natural science major, aiming at the technical posts of natural science major in public institutions) to help you prepare for the exam efficiently.
Synthetic class c
Judging from the examination situation of comprehensive application ability C, the most direct help for preparing for the exam is the analysis of the factors directly related to the score, such as examination ability, item setting, difficulty coefficient and so on.
Ability and specialization
The examination syllabus provides the following provisions for the ability test: "Comprehensive application ability (Class C)" is an examination subject set for the open recruitment staff of natural science professional and technical posts in public institutions, aiming at testing the ability of candidates to find, analyze and solve problems by comprehensively applying relevant knowledge and skills. "The' related knowledge and skills' mentioned here actually refers to natural science, so the materials in Class C must be concentrated in the field of natural science, similar to the scientific and technological discussions learned in high school, such as investigating the evolution of the moon and driverless cars. Students can read more and browse more articles in the field of natural science during the preparation period.
Problem types and immobilization
The comprehensive application of class C papers consists of three parts: precautions, background materials and test questions, all of which are subjective questions. The examination questions are relatively fixed. Judging from the real questions of 20 15-20 16, the main questions are reading scientific and technological documents, argumentation and evaluation, scientific and technological practice and material composition. Specific types of questions are distributed in the following table:
What students should pay attention to is that scientific and technological practice and demonstration evaluation will appear alternately in the comprehensive C-type examination paper, and both types of questions need to be mastered and prepared by students. At the same time, two types of questions, argumentation and evaluation, and material composition, are examined in the comprehensive B/C category. The real questions can learn from each other and add exercises for preparing for the exam.
Difficulties and challenges
Although the materials of Comprehensive C are concentrated in the field of natural science, students don't need to have much scientific and technological knowledge, and the answer comes from materials. We just need to focus on improving our ability of induction and analysis. But as far as the types of questions are concerned, the types of questions involved in comprehensive C are relatively novel, such as data processing and summary analysis in scientific and technological practice. In addition, material composition is unfamiliar to science and engineering candidates, and writing expression ability is a key training link. It is suggested that students read more comments related to science and technology, such as articles related to scientific innovation and humanization of science and technology, and at the same time write more and practice more to consciously improve their writing ability.
Example of class c comprehensive response:
(2065438+the first half of 2006, the comprehensive application ability of the joint entrance examination of public institutions, class C, the third question, material composition)
From the above materials, combined with practice, around the topic of "scientific humanization", write a paper from the perspective of self-selection. (60 points)
Requirements: clear point of view, full argument, clear conditioning, fluent language, 800- 1000 words.
(20 15 the comprehensive application ability of the joint entrance examination of public institutions in the first half of the year is a class C real question, and the second is entitled scientific and technological practice)
Draw a "20 12 year wastewater discharge table of key industries", which fully and accurately reflects all the information in data 2.
It is not difficult to find that the comprehensive C test sites are concentrated, the questions are novel, and it is relatively difficult to prepare for the exam. Next, I will provide guidance for the students from the preparation methods of different questions.
Reading scientific and technological literature has both abilities.
Judgment of reading scientific and technological literature
In the C-class test paper of comprehensive application ability of public institutions, the total score of scientific and technological literature reading accounts for one-third of the whole test paper score, including objective questions based on judging right and wrong and subjective questions based on refining and summarizing. Let's focus on the judgment question first.
Reading scientific and technological literature often chooses a scientific and technological exposition of about 3000 words as the material, requiring candidates to judge whether 8 sentences are right or wrong. In terms of specific knowledge points, accurate judgment should be based on mastering common error types, which is basically consistent with the detailed judgment questions in speech understanding, but candidates are required to pay more attention to long paragraph reading skills.
In order to improve the efficiency of solving problems, we should first start with the given sentences, read them carefully, group them reasonably according to the key information, then correspond to the paragraphs in order to determine the position of the relevant sentences in the paragraphs, and then compare them to get the answers.
In the process of comparison, we should closely rely on five common types of mistakes and make corresponding responses with problem awareness. First, the concept of stealing, that is, stealing the core topic discussed in the paragraph, is often acted by nouns, which requires candidates to carefully compare sentences and paragraphs. Second, stealing tenses, focusing on past tense, present tense and future tense, candidates should closely follow the time prompts appearing in paragraphs and sentences to compare whether their tenses are consistent. Third, stealing, a problem that is easily overlooked by everyone, should mainly focus on whether there are two types of words: stealing more and stealing less in the process of solving problems, which is generally not difficult. Fourth, the transfer of mood, scientific and technological literature reading mostly chooses popular science discourse as the material, and in order to reflect scientific rigor, more moderate expressions, that is, uncertain tone, are adopted. But if a given sentence expresses the same content in a certain tone, it is easy to make the mistake of tone sandhi. 5. Make something out of nothing. As the name implies, such mistakes refer to the occurrence of things not mentioned in the paragraph, especially the appearance of irrelevant comparisons.
Finally, I want to remind you that the judgment question is not to examine your understanding of the paragraph word by word, but to read quickly, find the key information, correspond accurately and lock the answer efficiently.
Short answer questions for reading scientific and technological documents
The material of short answer questions in scientific and technological literature is very logical, so it is very important to master its internal logic for answering questions. At the same time, its material is very long, and we need to pay attention to some tips. Candidates should pay attention to the following three points when preparing for the exam:
(1) Pay attention to the related words in the material. Such as reasons, reasons, reasons, reasons, etc. Causality; On the one hand, on the other hand, at the same time, in addition, and so on. ; In chronological order, such as first, next, last, etc.
(2) Pay attention to the dividing lines of different topics in the materials. There will be two small questions below the short answer questions of general scientific and technological literature reading. Generally, two small problems will not limit the scope of the material, but the material itself is very logical. Therefore, everyone must pay attention to carefully examining the questions and find out the dividing line between the two questions. Don't wait to read all the information before answering.
(3) Focus on high-frequency words, that is, emphasized and repeatedly emphasized semantics. In order to highlight the key points, the proponent will repeatedly emphasize semantics. For example:
The first scene of the "big event" in the evolution of the moon is that a planet "Teia" the size of Mars collided with the earth 4.6 billion years ago (this is the mainstream view in academic circles). In this event called "deep impact", the cores of the two planets merged, and the fragments of the mantle and crust were thrown into space, forming an annulus composed of huge fragments in the gravitational circle of the earth. Due to different initial velocities, fragments often collide and weld. More and more pieces snowballed together and gradually formed an ellipsoid, forming the embryonic form of the moon.
In this passage, the word "bread crumbs" appears many times, which shows its importance and inspires us to summarize it. In addition, we should pay attention to the conciseness of the language when summing up. For example, some adjectives "as big as a Mars" and "snowballing" in this material can be omitted, and only some nouns and verbs expressing meaning can be kept. So, in fact, just extract the following points from the whole passage: 4.6 billion years ago, the "Teyi Pressure" planet collided with the earth, and the planetary cores merged to form an ellipsoid (the embryonic form of the moon).
Through these three steps, students can quickly and accurately process materials with more than 2,000 words, straighten out the logic and find the key points. I hope everyone can consolidate these problem-solving steps and skills repeatedly in the process of doing the problem.
Demonstration, evaluation and logical thinking should be trained.
Demonstration and evaluation of problem form
Demonstration and evaluation questions are the B and C test questions of comprehensive application ability of public institutions, which have appeared in the national joint examination questions of public institutions in 20 15 and 20 16 years. The score of 36-40 is one of the questions that candidates must focus on.
From the perspective of proposition, argumentative papers and evaluation questions generally require candidates to find out about four mistakes in a paragraph of about 500 words, and make a brief comment on the mistakes found. Mainly examines the examinee's logical thinking ability, also examines the examinee's reading comprehension ability.
Demonstrate the preparation method of evaluation
First of all, read the questions carefully and make clear the answers. First look at the number of errors required to be found in the stem. At present, the number of common mistakes in real questions is four, and candidates will be clearly informed of the types of common mistakes, such as unclear concepts, inaccurate judgments, imprecise reasoning, and insufficient arguments. Candidates can go to the original text for targeted search according to the types of errors given in the questions. Secondly, the stem of the question requires a brief review of the mistakes, which means not only explaining where there are mistakes, but also explaining the mistakes (explaining why they are wrong). Finally, there is a word requirement for each wrong question, which generally does not exceed 150 words, which requires candidates to control the word number reasonably and try their best to make the language concise.
Second, master the basic knowledge of argumentative writing and identify common argumentative errors. Any argument consists of three elements: argument, argument and argument process. Although there are many wrong forms of argument in logic, after all, this is not a test of candidates' professional logic knowledge, and as far as the real questions are concerned, the overall difficulty is not great, so candidates don't have to entangle or delve into the professional academic content of logic too much. The common types of mistakes are the four kinds of mistakes mentioned in the stem (unclear concept, inaccurate judgment, imprecise reasoning and insufficient arguments), so candidates need to pay attention to these kinds of mistakes.
Conceptual ambiguity refers to confusing the concepts of some words in a paragraph, such as expanding the concept or stealing the concept. Candidates should pay special attention to whether the keywords discussed in the argument are consistent with what the argument says. Inaccurate judgment refers to the common mistakes in the argument itself, such as wrong judgment and too absolute conclusion. Inference is not strict, that is, the argument can not reach a conclusion, and there are loopholes in the reasoning process. Common mistakes include generalization and causal inversion. Insufficient argument means that the argument is one-sided, insufficient or untrue and false, which has little to do with the conclusion and cannot support the conclusion.
Third, read carefully, analyze sentence by sentence and answer item by item. Candidates must try their best to understand the meaning of each sentence, analyze the function of a sentence in a paragraph, and make clear the relationship between sentences and the inheritance relationship between paragraphs. This process is complicated and requires students' patience and meticulousness. Usually practice, you don't have to deliberately control the time, but you should do the topic thoroughly and sum up the rules at the same time, so that you can get twice the result with half the effort.
Scientific and technological practice, statistical bulletin, ingenious deformation
Form of scientific and technological practice
Scientific and technological practice problems belong to category C of comprehensive application ability. There are two questions and three questions, all of which are subjective questions, with a score of 40 points. 20 15 in the first half of the year, it took the entrance examination in many provinces and institutions across the country.
From the perspective of proposition, the material of scientific and technological practice questions is generally the statistical bulletin of the Bureau of Statistics, that is, for a given statistical material, students are required to make a comprehensive or focused analysis of the statistical material in the form of words and tables, and put forward opinions and suggestions on something. For example:
1. According to the data of 1, please analyze the year-on-year changes of wastewater and its main pollutants in China in 20 12, and put forward brief opinions and suggestions on the next pollution control.
2. Draw a "20 12 wastewater discharge table of key industries", which comprehensively and accurately reflects all the information in data 2.
Students should pay attention to the fact that although the scientific and technological practice questions are subjective, there is no word requirement because the answers written involve tables and a lot of data. You can assign words according to the grid given during the exam.
Preparation method of scientific and technological practice
Scientific and technological practice questions mainly examine students' ability to extract information and write statistical materials, and present statistical materials in the form of subjective questions. To quickly and completely extract information and transform it into another form, and put forward opinions and suggestions on something, students can start from the following aspects:
(A) to understand the commonly used statistical terms. Statistical terms are some professional terms in statistical bulletins. Because the given material is a statistical bulletin, the analysis of the change of the given material or the reflection of information is also answered in the form of statistical bulletin, so understanding and learning to use commonly used statistical terms is the basis.
(B) master the commonly used sentence patterns of text-based statistical bulletins. To analyze the changes of given data, we should not only know which statistical terms are used to describe and analyze, but also know how to write sentences, and the expression habits and methods of sentences should be consistent with the statistical bulletin. For example, when analyzing changes, the sentence can be written like this:
From June to June in 20 15, the investment in industrial and private fixed assets was 7,646.4 billion yuan, up by 10.8% year-on-year, and the growth rate dropped by 0.4 percentage point compared with May.
(3) Learn to draw tables. To draw a complete table, the title, research indicators, data, units are essential, and sometimes notes are needed. What students need to master is: what the topic contains, where the research indicators and units are written, and whether the data needs to be processed.
(4) Expand the angle of answering questions and accumulate common vocabulary. Students can answer the countermeasures of giving opinions and suggestions on something from different angles, such as thinking, system, supervision, publicity, investment and supervision. The answer language should not be too colloquial, which requires the accumulation of common vocabulary in advance, such as cultivating consciousness, changing thinking and perfecting the system.
Material composition, clear point of view, reserve dry goods.
Form of material composition
Material composition, as a required test for the comprehensive application ability of multi-provincial entrance examination in public institutions, has a high score (60/ 150) and a high status, which can be described as "the person who gets the material composition wins the world". I hope the students will pay full attention to it.
From the propositional point of view, the material composition mainly focuses on social phenomena and fables, and it is required to write an argumentative essay of 800- 1200 words. According to statistics, the possibility of taking social phenomena as the topic direction and material content is about 80%, that is, around a relatively "hot" topic, the general material length is short (about 1000 words); There is a 20% possibility to investigate fables, that is, around a philosophical story, which contains some principles of dealing with people.
Preparation method of material composition
Whether it is social phenomenon or fable composition, the steps and methods of solving problems are basically the same, mainly including three steps, and students can improve their ability from three aspects.
The first step: set the theme and find the viewpoint-"shaping the soul"
Viewpoint is the soul of an article, and the first step in writing a composition is to determine the direction and find the right viewpoint. You can define the theme through the stem and materials first, and then go back to the materials to dig up the viewpoints related to the theme, such as the problems, countermeasures and influences you talk about. Here, I also remind students that opinions are not a word, but a series of keywords related to the theme, which should be as rich as possible to facilitate the development of the article structure.
Step 2: organize your thoughts and train the map-"building a skeleton"
With the viewpoint, it is necessary to determine the structure of the article and build the framework of the article. Generally speaking, the structure of the article is based on "what to do-why-how to do it". In order to make the context of the article clearer, students should list the structure diagram before writing, and avoid the writing state of "thinking while writing", "writing wherever you want" or "squeezing toothpaste".
Step 3: Supplementing arguments and enriching language-"filling flesh and blood"
An article should have not only "soul" and "skeleton", but also "flesh and blood", that is, materials (arguments) used to demonstrate the views of the article. As the saying goes, "If you don't accumulate steps, you can't become a river." Students should accumulate some hot events, famous sayings and aphorisms, good words and sentences in their daily study and use them.