Apply artemisinin
20 15- 10 Tu Youyou won the nobel prize in physiology or medicine for discovering artemisinin, which can effectively reduce the mortality of malaria patients. Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in Science, which is not only the highest prize in the medical field in China so far, but also the highest prize for the achievements of traditional Chinese medicine.
Tu Youyou 1930 12.30 was born in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. She is the only girl among five children. My father quoted "Yo Yo Luming Literature, a wild wormwood" in the Book of Songs and named her "Yo Yo", which means the voice of Luming Literature. Who would have thought that "Chrysanthemum morifolium" in the poem really had a lifelong bond with Tu Youyou. 195 1, Tu Youyou was admitted to the Department of Pharmacy of Beijing Medical College, majoring in pharmacognosy. After graduation, he was assigned to work in the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine. As Tu Youyou's major belongs to western medicine, the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine sent her to a Chinese medicine class to study Chinese medicine systematically for two and a half years. Because of his background in Chinese and Western medicine and diligence, Tu Youyou quickly emerged. From 65438 to 0969, Tu Youyou was appointed as the leader of the "523 Task" of the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and asked her to lead several colleagues of the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine to participate in the "523 Task" to find clues about antimalarial drugs. That year, Tu Youyou was 39 years old and was an assistant researcher.
Tu Youyou first systematically sorted out the medical books of past dynasties. She also visited old Chinese medicine practitioners everywhere, and even read the letters from the masses in the unit carefully. Therefore, she specially compiled a collection of anti-malaria prescriptions, which contained more than 640 kinds of herbs, including Artemisia annua, which later extracted artemisinin. However, in the first round of drug screening and experiment, the inhibition rate of Artemisia annua extract on plasmodium was only 68%, which was not the focus of attention in Tu Youyou because of its unstable effect.
At that time, her attention was focused on peppers. This plant is very common in China, and its inhibition rate against plasmodium is as high as 84%. This is a very exciting data, but subsequent in-depth research has backfired. Tu Youyou found that pepper can only inhibit the fission and reproduction of plasmodium, but the killing effect is not ideal. So she gave up pepper and turned her attention to Artemisia annua, which was not effective, but was repeatedly mentioned in the prescriptions for malaria treatment in Chinese medical classics.
As early as the 2nd century BC, Artemisia annua was recorded in China's pre-Qin medical book Fifty-two Diseases Prescriptions. In 340 AD, Ge Hong of the Eastern Jin Dynasty described the antimalarial effect of Artemisia annua for the first time in his book Elbow Backup Emergency Prescription. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica says that it can cure malaria and cold and heat. However, when Tu Youyou tested the antimalarial ability of Artemisia annua extract by modern medical methods, the result was not satisfactory: in one experiment, its inhibition rate was only 12%.
Why can't Artemisia annua extract effectively inhibit malaria in the laboratory? Why do the same extract get different results? Tu Youyou couldn't find the answer at the moment, so he dug out the ancient medical books again and read them carefully. Until one day in the second half of 197 1, a few words in Gehong's prescription for treating cold-heat malaria in the Eastern Jin Dynasty inspired Tu Youyou: "Hold Artemisia annua once, dye it with two liters of water, wring juice and take it all."
The method of wringing juice is different from the traditional Chinese medicine decoction method. Is this to prevent the effective components of Artemisia annua from being destroyed at high temperature? The momentary happiness of the soul opens the mysterious door of artemisinin. Since then, the story has been summarized by many narrators as follows: Tu Youyou successfully extracted artemisinin with ether with a boiling point of only 53℃. In fact, the real process of extracting artemisinin is complicated.
In the monograph Artemisia annua and Artemisinin Drugs published in 2009, Tu Youyou mentioned a series of experiments at that time. The experimental process recorded in this highly professional book is interspersed with a large number of chemical molecular formulas, technical terms and data, which is simply a "heavenly book" for a layman like a reporter. Only a few highly generalized programmatic descriptions can be roughly understood, which is quite difficult to read: "Artemisia annua leaves are made into water decoction extract, 95% ethanol extract, and the volatile oil is invalid. Cold soaking with ethanol and controlling the temperature below 60℃ will increase the titer of malaria in mice, but it will be ineffective if the temperature is too high. The malaria titer of mice was significantly increased and stabilized by ether reflux or cold immersion. "
In particular, she pointed out: "Although the isolated artemisinin monomer was boiled in water for half an hour, its antimalarial effect was stable. It is known that only in the process of crude extraction, when some substances in crude drugs exist, the increase in temperature will destroy the antimalarial effect of artemisinin. "
In the comparison chart of experimental data, the lowest inhibition rate of water extract on plasmodium is only 6%; The volatile oil obtained from ethanol extract has no effect; The inhibition rate of the extract obtained by cold soaking with ethanol can reach 95%; The inhibition rate of ether extract is 100%! It is a black, mushy crude extract of Artemisia annua L. antimalarial drug, which is still a long way from the final artemisinin crystal, but it is certain that the key to the final treasure has been found. (with deletion)
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(1) malaria, also known as "swing disease". In the long-term struggle against malaria, the most effective antimalarial drug originated from another plant-cinchona tree. /kloc-in the 9th century, French chemists separated quinine, an antimalarial component, from the bark of cinchona, commonly known as "cinchona paste". Subsequently, scientists discovered chloroquine, a substitute for quinine. Chloroquine used to be a specific drug for malaria. However, plasmodium gradually showed strong drug resistance. In 1960s, malaria once again ravaged Southeast Asia, and the epidemic spread to an uncontrollable situation. (Baidu Encyclopedia)
② Tu Youyou, pharmacist, lifelong researcher and chief researcher of Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, director of Artemisinin R&D Center and doctoral supervisor. 20 1 1 In September, Tu Youyou won the Lasker Prize. 20 15,10 In June, Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering artemisinin as a new treatment for malaria. She is the first China native scientist to win the Nobel Prize in Science and the first China scientist to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. ("Sina News")
(1) The following analysis and summary of relevant contents of materials, two of which are the most appropriate (5 points).
A./kloc-French chemists isolated "cinchona cream" from the bark of cinchona in the 20th century. It was once the most effective drug to fight malaria for a long time. Later, chloroquine, a substitute for quinine, was discovered and has been used as a specific drug to fight malaria.
B. As early as the 2nd century BC, the anti-malaria effect of Artemisia annua was recorded in the pre-Qin medical prescription, and then Ge Hong in the Eastern Jin Dynasty recorded the anti-malaria effect of Artemisia annua in the book Elbow Reserve Emergency Prescription; Compendium of Materia Medica clearly states that it can cure malaria, cold and fever.
C. This paper comprehensively narrates the history of human struggle against malaria in chronological order and easy-to-understand language. China scientists, especially Tu Youyou, have inherited excellent traditional culture and made great contributions to malaria control in the world.
D Tu Youyou's father quoted "Luming Literature, Yo Yo, wild Artemisia" in The Book of Songs, and named her Yo Yo, which was quite meaningful. After graduating from Beijing Medical College and being assigned to the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, "Hao Ye" really forged a lifelong bond with Tu Youyou.
E. In order to prevent the effective components of Artemisia annua from being destroyed at high temperature, Tu Youyou successfully extracted artemisinin, a black paste crude extract of Artemisia annua antimalarial drug, with ether with a boiling point of only 53℃, and successfully found the key to the last treasure.
(2) What has Tu Youyou done in the research and development of antimalarial drugs? Please summarize it briefly. (6 points)
(3) There are many quotations. What are the functions of these quotations? Please analyze it briefly. (6 points)
(4) There are many reasons for one's success. Please talk about your understanding based on Tu Youyou's Nobel Prize winning experience. (8 points)
(1) The following analysis and summary of biographies, the two most appropriate ones are (5 points).
A. Tu Youyou's name pinned the good expectations of his parents. This beautiful expectation is not only a symbol of harmony, but also a symbol of talent. Parents hope that their daughter will become a useful talent in the country.
B Malaria is a demon that destroys human life and health. It kills more than one million people in the world every year. Scientists in many countries are trying to develop new drugs to subdue it, and scientists in our country have taken the lead in completing this task.
C in the field of basic biomedicine, it is impossible for people to see its remarkable value and benefit in a short time. For example, artemisinin, an antimalarial drug developed by Tu Youyou and her colleagues, is like this.
D. This paper interspersed some literary descriptions in the plain narrative, which enhanced the vividness and appeal of the article; The author focuses on the difficult course of artemisinin research and development in Tu Youyou, which is detailed and convincing.
Lasker Prize is the most influential biomedical prize in America. It is precisely because Tu Youyou won one of the most prestigious awards in the world-Lasker Prize for Clinical Medicine that she laid a solid foundation for winning the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
(2) What is the most critical step for Tu Youyou to make a breakthrough? Please analyze it briefly. (6 points)
(3) What are the factors of Tu Youyou's success? Summarize and analyze it with the article. (6 points)
(4) The article says that "people of all colors are paying deep respect to the old man". Why do they all show respect? Please analyze it briefly. (8 points)
Reference answer: primary and secondary school composition reading answer network finishing
12.( 1)A B (A 2，B 3，d 1； Answer C E does not score)
Analyze this topic to examine the ability of comprehensive analysis and understanding of practical writing. Item C, Dai Li, Zhang Guan, the penultimate paragraph of the article says that "artemisinin, an antimalarial drug developed by Tu Youyou ..." has immediate effect and significance, rather than "it is impossible to see significant value and benefit in a short time". Item d "delicate description" error. Describing the difficult process of developing artemisinin in Tu Youyou is plain language, so there is no detailed description. So the score is 1. E imposes cause and effect).
(2) Improve the method of extracting drugs (2 points). (1) Inspired by the relevant records of Ge Hong, a famous doctor in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, I realized that the effective components of Artemisia annua may be destroyed at high temperature (2 points); (2) cold soaking with ethanol (1); Using low boiling point solvent extraction method. (1 min).
(3)① Motivation from ideal interest: I have heard and witnessed the strange curative effect of Chinese medicine since I was a child, and I am determined to explore its mystery. I chose the pharmacognosy major that most people were not interested in at that time. Worked in China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine. ② Perseverance to overcome difficulties: Tu Youyou often dealt with various chemical solutions in a working environment with poor equipment and no basic ventilation facilities, and once suffered from toxic hepatitis. However, she devoted herself to the research of traditional Chinese medicine and achieved many impressive results. ③ Research the practical ability of operation: starting with sorting out medical books of past dynasties, visiting old Chinese medicine practitioners everywhere, collecting letters from relevant people since the establishment of the hospital, and conducting a lot of experiments; ④ Ability to lead a team in a crisis: Tu Youyou, 39, was appointed as the research director of the project during the crisis. (2 points per point, first summarize and then contact the original analysis, and answer three points. )
(4)① The reason why people of color pay tribute is that artemisinin developed in Tu Youyou saves the lives of millions of malaria patients all over the world, especially in developing countries.
(2) "Pay tribute to this old man" means that the 85-year-old Tu Youyou wrote a wonderful life legend in the history of science and technology in China with indomitable fighting spirit.
This "respect" stems from the fact that a female scientist in China subdued malaria, a demon that wantonly destroys human life and health.