Looking at the classical Chinese test questions in recent ten years, apart from paying attention to historical biography in material selection, they are both literary and qualitative, with many propositions and strong applicability.
Besides being suitable for high school students to read, it also has the following characteristics.
1. Judging from the content of the exam, both "word" and "text" are equally important in the classical Chinese exam. The word "Yan" here, namely classical Chinese knowledge,
Understanding of function words, discrimination of ancient and modern words, etc. "Wen" mainly refers to the understanding of the meaning of the text. Number of classical Chinese test questions in recent three years (1999)
There are generally six questions, and the examination content of the six questions has a clear division of labor. Basically, the first three questions focus on "words", and the last three questions focus on "text" and scores.
"Equal score", 9 points each. The characteristic of paying equal attention to "word" in classical Chinese examination has changed the past emphasis on "word" rather than word, which is essentially just
The unhealthy tendency of ancient Chinese examination has played a positive guiding role in classical Chinese teaching in middle schools and has been welcomed by the majority of Chinese teachers in middle schools. therefore
The characteristics of this proposition have been preserved in the classical Chinese proposition. Although there were adjustments in 2002, the proposition in the reading section will not change much.
2. In terms of test ability, the classical Chinese test focuses on the transfer ability of classical Chinese knowledge and the understanding and analysis of the meaning of the text.
, summarizing ability. Considering many factors, such as the total amount of writing and the score of candidates' answers, the question of choice has always been adopted in the classical Chinese examination.
The guiding ideology of topics and propositions has always been "being able to read simple and easy classical Chinese", which requires a certain knowledge of classical Chinese, which is reading.
Ladder ". Therefore, from the perspective of testing ability, emphasizing "speech" is essentially testing the transfer ability of classical Chinese knowledge, that is, using relevant classical Chinese knowledge.
Ability to solve practical problems. The emphasis on "Wen" is mainly the ability to understand the meaning of the text, and only a few topics (usually the last one) are tested.
Ability to analyze and summarize. The ability level is b or c respectively. This enables candidates to feel classical Chinese on the premise of mastering solid knowledge of classical Chinese.
The composition topic is relatively simple, with a "bottom" in mind. Therefore, the overall score of classical Chinese is relatively stable and the degree of discrimination is good. Classical Chinese test ability
Relatively stable, it has also played a positive role in the teaching reform of classical Chinese in middle schools.
3. Judging from the compilation of the answers, the exam of classical Chinese is the question outside the classroom and the answer is in the classroom. Here is the "class"
The meaning of "foreign" generally means that "material selection" is something that students have not learned and the topic has not been done; The meaning of "in class" can be understood from two aspects: first,
One is that students learn the knowledge of the exam "in class", and the other is that students can infer it with what they have learned. There have been many selections of classical Chinese in recent years.
The so-called "official history" revised by feudal social officials, such as 200 1, was selected from Historical Records and Biography of Tian Dan, and 2000 was selected from The Three Kingdoms and Biography of Hu Zhi.
Pei Songzhi's Note, 1999 Su Qiong was selected from Su Qiong's biography of Beiqi, and 1998 Li Ruoshui was selected from Song Shizhong Li Yiruoshui.
All the history books in the world are listed in the "Twenty-four History". The content of the selected article is either loyal and filial, or the rule of law, or brilliant, or both intelligent and brave, or honest and clean. ...
These are things that have never appeared in textbooks, and they contain positive factors such as promoting the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation, which are instructive and suitable.
Middle school students read. The college entrance examination combines what students have not learned with what they have learned in class, and it is very clever to test China classical literature in class.
The level of study. For example, in 200 1,1,the notional words "la, fu, cheng, long" and the ancient and modern words "anti, nan" in 12.
Noisy, disturbing, etc. They are all learned in class or participated in, just in a different context. Questions that students can infer from what they have learned.
Eyes, such as 199 1No. 18 "stubborn people should also pity" in the meaning of "stubborn people", if you notice the above "virtuous people can enjoy loving themselves", 2
According to the word "xian jun", it is not difficult to infer that "stubborn Lu" means "stupid"
4. Translation of classical Chinese sentences is changed from discrimination to translation, that is, from multiple-choice questions to language operation questions. As mentioned earlier, this is
The new requirement to be added in 2002 is "new", which is only relative to the college entrance examination in recent ten years. The college entrance examination before 1990 was written in classical Chinese.
The topic of translation is not uncommon. On the one hand, increasing the benefits of classical Chinese translation embodies the principle of "seeking change while maintaining stability", on the other hand, it comes from examinations.
The purpose of this paper is to understand the meaning and language expression of the text, which can be said to be multifaceted and targeted.
(B) How to review classical Chinese effectively
Classical Chinese review, different candidates, different foundations, different study habits, natural review methods can not be forced.
Generally speaking, from the perspective of teaching practice, we should generally start from the following aspects.
1. Have the ability to master the article as a whole. Practice has proved that effectively training the reading ability of classical Chinese, or
To accurately answer the questions in classical Chinese, the most important thing is to be good at grasping the meaning of the article as a whole, or grasping the article as a whole and understanding the main idea. Otherwise, just
Will make the mistake of reading the text meaningfully or taking it out of context.
How to grasp the meaning of the text as a whole? There are two common methods:
The first is the method of extracting the main information. That is to say, take a classical Chinese and read it through. You should be able to master the following letters quickly and accurately.
Interest: What people are written about, what era (dynasty) they lived in, what things they did (cause, process, result), and what is the significance of these things?
Who else is involved, what is his relationship with the main characters, and so on.
Mastering the above information can basically solve the "general idea" of the article. On this premise, read it again and then do the problem.
There may still be small deviations, but generally there will be no big mistakes. If you can't grasp the meaning of the article as a whole, sometimes you will not only get the main characters wrong,
Misunderstanding the relationship between people will confuse right and wrong, such as1200 1 6. If you don't grasp the meaning of the text, it's easy to make a wrong choice.
The second is the method of pouring sugar cane. This is based on the test characteristics of the test questions, using the test questions to help us master the article quickly.
The method. Candidates who read an article quickly are sometimes limited by their comprehension ability and may not be able to get the main information in the article quickly. You can try this method.
This can also be used when candidates read a passage quickly and extract the main information from it, but they can't judge whether the information they extracted is correct or not.
Legal proof.
In recent years, the last two questions of classical Chinese test questions are generally information screening and text grasping. The former is a question point.
It is decided to extract some information that can show some characteristics of characters in the text for candidates to analyze, so as to determine what characters are written in the text.
What kind of personality, or what kind of quality, or what kind of behavior characteristics, and so on. For example, the 200 1 Biography of Tian Chan found out whether Tian Chan was a soldier.
The problem of "anti-fraud" means; In 2000, he took an exam that could explain the "caution" of Hu and his son. 1999, Su Qiong was tested to be good at "doing things";
1998 Test Guo Yonggang's direct resistance and so on. The last topic examines the summary or analysis of the meaning of classical Chinese, and gives several choices.
Limiting is the proposer's generalization of the meaning of the text. Although one of them is "incorrect", three of them are correct, which gives us an overall grasp of the text.
The meaning of "prompt" means that the information obtained by reading the original text corresponds to this, which can confirm your reading results. Sometimes you want to say it but can't say it.
After reading the title of the last question, you will be suddenly enlightened.
2. Understanding the meaning of a word must be combined with the context. The test of "Yan" in classical Chinese is not because it focuses on understanding ability.
Always pay attention to contextual factors. Words in a specific context often have specific meanings. Especially the notional words in classical Chinese are out of context because of their ambiguity.
May make a completely wrong judgment. For example, the word "Xie" in the question "Thank you for leaving when you get on the bus" in 1990 has the following meanings: a. Urgent
Want b? Tell C. thank you. D. say goodbye Without context, we don't know who got on the bus and what "thank you" means. Contact context
It was Tian Chan who knew "getting on the bus", because another man, Lu Zhongzi, told him something he didn't like to hear, and he left angrily, so here's "
Xie "means" farewell ". For another example, the word "fen" in 1992 12 and the word "diligent" in 1993 are all polysemous words combined with context.
. In recent years, the test area of this test center has gradually expanded, from one word to several words, such as 1 1 question in 2000 and 200 1 question, and the scores are divided.
Don't test "province, examination, firewood, faith" and "pull, attach, multiply, north" Understanding these words must be combined with context.
As for the overall grasp of the meaning, it is even more inseparable from the original text and context.
3. Do a good job in translating classical Chinese. As mentioned above, the translation of classical Chinese sentences in 2002 will be listed separately in the second volume.
The three principles of classical Chinese translation: faithfulness (faithful to the original), expressiveness (fluent in meaning) and elegance (rich in literary talent) are of course.
The goal is to be pursued, but it is the requirement of professional translation after all. As a college entrance examination, we should pay special attention to the word "letter", that is, literal translation, according to
Translate into modern Chinese according to the characteristics and even the expression of the original words, only those sentences that are difficult to translate or literal translation can not express the original meaning, and then
Free translation is adopted as appropriate (only the basic meaning of the original text is translated, regardless of the characteristics of the original words and sentences). Special attention should be paid to the translation of key notional words, function words and useful words.
Language. Because the purpose of the classical Chinese translation test is not only to examine the comprehension ability, but also to examine the classical Chinese knowledge. If the focus is real, function words or
Flexible words cannot be translated, of course, the expression of sentence meaning will be destroyed, which will naturally affect the score. For example, questions 1997, 16, understand "simple vagrancy and death"
When using the phrase "equally poor", we must pay attention to whether the words "disciple, flow, equal, poor" are translated, otherwise we can't make a correct judgment.
Secondly, we should flexibly use classical Chinese such as "keep, add, delete, replace and adjust".
Basic methods of text translation to improve translation efficiency.
4. Examining the grasp of the meaning of the text or analyzing the summarized topics not only examines whether the candidates can read the original text, but more importantly.
It is to examine the meticulous and rigorous quality of candidates. We should carefully analyze the original text on the premise of grasping the meaning of the text as a whole, and compare the expressions in the options with the original text.
Only by comparing them one by one can we ensure that there are no omissions. For example, 1998 college entrance examination question 22: the following statement is not in line with the original intention of item a, that
His three BCDs are correct, except for item A, "The emperor immediately accepted his opinion and no longer mourned for Gao Qiu", and the original text was actually in Li Ruoshui.
Chapter again ",and then" stop ",did not immediately accept his opinion. If you don't study the design of this topic carefully, you will inevitably make mistakes.
Judge.
(c) Pay attention to answering questions in classical Chinese.
Classical Chinese test questions occupy an important position in the college entrance examination because of their high scores. Because the questions are fluent, it is relatively easy to grade.
Therefore, it cannot be ignored. It can be said that whether the total score of a candidate's Chinese test questions can get a high score depends largely on volume one, not classical Chinese.
Writing is also an important part of the first volume. There are too many points lost in classical Chinese, and the scores in the first volume can't go up, and it is difficult to enter the high stage. This is Xu.
Many candidates' practice of answering questions for many years proves this point. 15 classical Chinese topic as a multiple-choice question, if carefully scrutinized, it is very likely to get full marks.
So, what specific questions should we pay attention to when answering classical Chinese questions?
1. Don't rush to do the problem if you don't understand the original text. Chinese test papers have many words and large capacity. Besides the application of language knowledge,
There are reading, writing, etc. In addition, it is in the position of the first exam in the whole exam process, which is easy to cause candidates' nervousness and lead to
Many candidates are eager to do classical Chinese questions when they can't understand or even finish reading the original text. In this case, it is difficult to answer good questions.
Yes Therefore, candidates must overcome psychological barriers, arrange their own time, read the original text before doing the questions, and remember that "sharpening the knife does not mistake the woodcutter."
"Reading" is sharpening the knife and the basis of "chopping wood".
2. Overcome light "enemy" paralysis. The selection of classical Chinese test questions is stable, the questions are stable, and the test sites are stable, which leads to many problems.
Many candidates have an illusion that the classical Chinese topic is really simple and the score is readily available. In fact, the college entrance examination questions at any level and at any test center are not just
There are easy questions and difficult questions, which should not be underestimated or neglected. In fact, in recent years, although the scoring rate of classical Chinese test questions has changed from 1997,
From 0.48 to more than 0.6 of 200 1, it is increasing year by year, but it is still not ideal from the characteristics of classical Chinese examination and the actual level of students. Therefore,
They should be instructed to do every problem well in order to improve the scoring rate.
3. Writing translation questions should not only accurately reflect the original meaning, but also pay attention to language fluency, and there should be no ill sentences.
Italian writing is generous, neat and clear. Some candidates may think that the classical Chinese translation exam is "translation", and they can score as long as the meaning is right, while others think that.
Face "almost" is harmless I don't know that there are many candidates every year and the marking time is short. The overall quality of candidates' answers will definitely affect the impression of the examiners.
And what is certain is that if the title is well translated, but the attitude of the answer sheet is not serious, not serious, and the writing is sloppy, it will definitely affect the classical Chinese.
score
4. Pay attention to the setting of obstacles in multiple-choice questions. I like natural science and social science articles and read classical Chinese.
Because of the adoption of multiple-choice questions, the proposer will inevitably set some obstacles in the compilation of options to test whether the candidate's knowledge is solid.
Standing obstacles in classical Chinese test questions mainly include:
(1) What is known interferes with the unknown, such as the examination of classical Chinese content words and ancient and modern words.
(2) In the comprehensive examination of the meaning of the text, the way of confusing right and wrong is often adopted. For example, 200 1 16 questions need to be selected.
"One of the following statements is not in line with the original intention", and four options are given. ABD has no mistakes in summarizing and analyzing the meaning of the text, and item C is "Tian"
He knew the art of strategy, induced the Yan army to commit crimes that made Jimo people heinous, so as to inspire their unity. Then pretend to surrender and send it to the rich.
The main reason for his mistake is not "sending a rich man to the enemy".
It should be ",and the expression in the original text is" Tian Dan took money from others and won thousands of dollars, which made all the rich people in Jimo leave Yan Jun ". Here, Kim gave it to, and
It is not the rich themselves who infiltrate the enemy as insiders. Similarly, the wrong questions in 1999 16 are set by confusing right and wrong.
(3) Out of context, that is, deliberately confusing the story of the original event and drawing a wrong conclusion. As mentioned earlier.
1998 exam question 22.
Second, we should be good at using classical Chinese reading.
Classical Chinese reading has always been an item that is easy to lose points in the college entrance examination. Classical Chinese reading in college entrance examination should be divided into two stages: the first stage
In the first stage, read it again and get a general idea of the style of classical Chinese paragraphs. If it is a narrative, then you should know who it is and what it is about.
. At this time, you must not pay too much attention to specific sentences. We should put aside some things we don't understand, read them down and borrow them.
Paragraph title, with the help of paragraph notes and sources, with the help of topic setting and branch selection, first understand the general meaning of the paragraph. Then, with this great help,
I read it for the second time in the past, because the previous rough reading has sorted out a little clue and had the direction of thinking, so when I read it again, it turned out that,
What you don't understand becomes easier to understand. If you encounter a difficult paragraph, be sure to repeat this "string" several times. "Words clause, sentence out.
Break away from the article, deliberate before and after, and grasp the whole. "Some students are too strict with themselves when reading classical Chinese paragraphs, and they are anxious when they don't understand it for the first time.
Individual sentences are tangled, and every word should be inquired into. Therefore, it is difficult to understand its meaning. Candidates should know that the selected classical Chinese paragraphs
It's not easy to understand at a glance, and it's normal not to understand it for the first time or two. Therefore, we should maintain a good attitude and mobilize all means.
With the help of various forces, he is good at deduction before and after, and goes through the deduction process step by step.
The second stage is the stage of solving individual difficulties, correctly grasping the meaning of the text and accurately translating sentences. Also at this stage
Be good at using. For example, he is good at correctly judging the meaning of notional words by using methods such as font analysis and neighborhood inference, and mastering the usage of function words by observing the language environment. this
In the first stage, we should have the consciousness of eliminating interference, such as the interference of different meanings in ancient and modern times, to prevent reading documents from making meanings, so as to interpret the ancient times today. The classical Chinese part of the college entrance examination will not be separated from the textbook
Knowledge is a new stove, so we should be good at knowledge transfer and link the common meaning of existing knowledge, especially the common usage of common words and common function words.
Make new knowledge.
Judging from the previous college entrance examination, many candidates often lose points when doing classical Chinese questions, such as asking ""
What is the group that directly shows someone's words and deeds of patriotism and fear of strong enemies? Some candidates often ignore "directness" or "words and deeds"
Such an important word makes the answer irrelevant. The college entrance examination is coming. When doing classical Chinese exercises, we should pay attention to accumulating more test experience.
Third, lay a solid foundation and review textbooks three times.
The number of classical Chinese articles in the new textbook has increased, and the difficulty of the text has increased. Even if the ancient poetry and drama units are removed, there are still
Eleven units. Senior high school students need to learn so many ancient poems in two and a half years (usually the textbook teaching ends in the last semester of senior three)
The difficulty of memorizing and understanding can be imagined. If the review is not timely and the consolidation is not ideal, students can only leave a superficial view on the classical Chinese they have learned.
Trace, does it appear in class?
It is not surprising that people know what they are talking about and answer irrelevant questions. However, analyzing the college entrance examination questions over the years, we will send
The current classical Chinese examination, whether it is content words, function words, special sentence patterns, sentence understanding, paragraph translation, and dictation of famous articles, is all from
In the classroom, almost all the test center settings over the years can find relevant knowledge points from textbooks (I won't give examples here), especially the discrimination.
This paper analyzes the meaning and usage of function words and dictation of famous articles, in which example sentences and exam contents are the original words of the text. It can be seen that learning textbooks well and laying a solid foundation.
Knowledge is the key. So, how can knowledge be effectively consolidated? How to transfer into ability? In the final analysis, there is no accumulation of quantity.
Without a qualitative leap, you can't have three corners in your chest. On the contrary, you can't have one corner. Only a solid foundation can bypass it.
In view of this situation, it is necessary to strengthen the examination of textbooks. So why review it three times? This is to follow
Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve law can truly "review the past and learn the new". Review for three times
Methods: from shallow to deep, from dispersion to concentration, from individual to group.
The first step, from the first year of high school, every time you finish learning a book, use the winter and summer vacations to let students recite all the articles.
There are also teachers' requirements here. Review and recite in the exercise book for three years, "learning from time to time". this is
A step of defining the key points aims at memorizing the key points and forming oral and written interaction.
Effect, enhance memory.
The second step, in the first half of the third year of senior high school, all the classical Chinese articles in the 1-6 textbook (it is best not to include them at this time)
Including ancient poetry and drama, these two parts will be reviewed separately and the effect will be better. ) Take the order of 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 6 and do morning reading three times a week.
One unit a week can be reviewed in eleven weeks. Students are required to read each article twice, with notes in the first time, with the emphasis on reading notes and explaining the meaning;
The second time, read through the whole article. If you have recited it, review it again. The reason why they are arranged in the previous order is to improve the review efficiency (generally senior three is the first).
When we talk about the fifth volume, we can talk about the sixth volume in about two months, so that we can review these two volumes in time. This step is based on the students' personal homework.
Action is the main task, and the teacher only guides it, so as to familiarize himself with the content of the text.
On the surface, it tries to enhance the sense of language and familiarity.
Step 3: At the end of last semester in Senior Three, teachers and students spend one month in class reviewing the texts one by one. This step
, is the most critical step, especially the deepening and improvement of the second step. Ask the teacher to prepare lessons carefully. Formally, they seem to be crosstalk.
Language, but in essence, teachers must be familiar with the key points of each classical Chinese in the whole set of teaching materials, and carry out the key points when reviewing in class.
By analogy, pay attention to the connection before and after knowledge, sum up the law and teach it to fish. Therefore, in this review process, we must highlight the key points and achieve every
In-class learning fully embodies the continuity and relevance of knowledge system, and embodies the spirit of taking methods in class and using them outside class. Only in this way can we get a quantity of products.
Only when you reach a qualitative leap can you reach a profound understanding from a superficial understanding.
Solution, and then use it calmly.
Third, strengthen targeted training and review slowly and steadily.
Without effective supervision measures, the previous three-step review is very easy to give up halfway or get twice the result with half the effort.
The first step is to check the homework. For the second and third steps, we need to strengthen training. Take the exam.
Advocate review and test the effect with the results.
The second step, a unit test, focuses on the content words, function words, special sentence patterns, flexible use of parts of speech and literature in the textbook.
Common sense, plus the translation of key sentences and the dictation of famous sentences. The test time is one.
Class hours are appropriate.
The third step, one book and one test, two class hours. In addition to the above contents, extra-curricular examinations and translation are added.
And reading are all selected from extracurricular activities (it is best to choose classical Chinese reading from the college entrance examination in the last six years, and translation also makes propositions from it, so that you can kill two birds with one stone and save money.
About the review time), the test center should be connected with the knowledge points of this book.
Reflect the transfer of knowledge and the transformation of ability.
This kind of test questions must be put forward by the teacher himself, aiming at the teaching materials, students and their own teaching. In the preparation section
It is best for several teachers to cooperate with each other, according to the specific situation, the proposition tasks of each part,
It is convenient for the collective to prepare lessons and enjoy mental resources, avoiding repeated inspections and ineffective work.
Fourth, the answering skills of classical Chinese reading questions in the college entrance examination
(1) Understand grammar.
In order to reflect the detection goal of "being able to read simple classical Chinese", the classical Chinese test questions focus on transfer ability and practical application.
Ability, so we can use "the source of the question is outside the classroom and the answer is in the classroom" to summarize the guiding ideology of the proposition. As a "topic source", there are many paragraphs in classical Chinese.
Twenty-four so-called "official history" outside the textbook; At the same time, in order to ensure that the answers are in class and the scope of examination is not "beyond the outline", the selected paragraphs
Generally speaking, it is not an excerpt from a ready-made fragment, but a complete paragraph composed of several fragments of the author's narrative biography.