abstract:
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties refers to the historical period of about 400 years from Jian 'an period in the Eastern Han Dynasty to the unification of China in the Sui Dynasty. This period was a period of great turmoil in China's history, and the social contradictions were very complicated and acute, which also promoted the great liberation of ideas and the great development of culture, and provided more development possibilities for the development of literature. During this long period, due to the instability of the ruling regime and the intrigue among various interest groups, many educated and talented literati were not appreciated and reused, and even many people were convicted because they were different from the rulers' political ideals and opinions. Under such a social background, the literary works born in this historical period also have their special literary characteristics because of their unique historical background.
Keywords: Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties; Historical background; Literary features
First, the background of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
The influence of the monopoly system of 1. 1 on literature
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is a historical period in which gentry monopoly is particularly serious. The gentry class has a high social status and great political rights. They monopolize politics, and their families are hereditary nobles. Many literati who are born in poverty and have no social status are often denied the opportunity to display their talents, promotion and ambition. This bad social phenomenon caused many literary works in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to show dissatisfaction with the gentry and civilians' desire to promote and control political rights.
1.2 literary thoughts of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, although there were drawbacks of abnormal social phenomenon of political monopoly, it was also an important period for the rapid development of literary thought in China's history and the most active period for literary thought after the Warring States Period. During this period, Confucianism gradually declined, and many new outlook on life, values and society emerged in the collision of social chaos. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism were gradually formed in society, and there were a large number of believers in the three major sects, which was also clearly reflected in the literary works of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Second, the cultural development process of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
The development process of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties can be roughly divided into three periods: Jian 'an literature, Jin literature and Southern and Northern Dynasties literature. The styles of these three periods are different to some extent. The special social background has made literature develop rapidly and formed rich and diverse styles. The literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties began with Jian 'an literature. The most representative writers in this period are "Three Caos", namely, Cao Cao, Cao Zhi and Cao Pi, in addition to "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an" and female writer Cai Yan. Zhengshi literature refers to the historical period after Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the most representative task is Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest. In the post-Wei period, Sima's administration was brutal and politics was very dark. Many literati choose to live in seclusion in the mountains to preserve their sanity. During this period, the Taoist thought of "ruling by doing nothing" prevailed, and the literati relied on it to passively resist the dark rule. Literary works in this period are characterized by criticizing reality, but compared with tragic Jian 'an literature, they are more helpless and sighing.
The literature of the two Jin Dynasties is specifically divided into the literature of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the literature of the Western Jin Dynasty. The literature of the Eastern Jin Dynasty is characterized by pursuing the innovation of language forms and paying more attention to literary forms such as antithesis. Most of the works express the aspirations of ordinary literati, hoping to get the opportunity to display their talents and protest against the monopoly of the gentry. Although the rulers of the Western Jin Dynasty paid little attention to the development of literature, many writers emerged, such as "Taikang Literature", which was characterized by more pursuit of personal expression and elegant and neat writing.
The diversity of literature in the northern and southern dynasties has been greatly developed, and the style of writing in the northern and southern dynasties is also very different, which is reflected in the folk songs in the northern and southern dynasties. These differences and literary features are directly related to the different social environments in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
Third, the characteristics of literary development in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
3. 1 literary consciousness of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Generally speaking, literary consciousness is divided into two aspects:
First, literature is separated from academics and becomes an independent category;
Secondly, the classification and relatively detailed division of articles in various genres of literary creation can consciously produce an understanding of the aesthetic characteristics of literary works. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, literary consciousness developed unprecedentedly.
3.2 Literature gradually got rid of the control of traditional Confucianism.
In the past, literature was mainly to spread Confucianism, but now, literature has become a highly appreciated art for literati to express and exchange feelings. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, literary creation became less and less a means to serve politics and education. Literati began to express their thoughts and hearts with literary creation, and literature gradually became a personal interest behavior rather than a utilitarian behavior. The rigid and fixed format of literary creation has been greatly changed, and lyricism has been brought into play as never before. Scholars did not follow the traditional concept of restraining emotions required by Confucianism, which laid a solid foundation for the development and prosperity of Tang poetry later.
3.3 The literati organizations in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were active.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, literary works began to be widely loved and sought after, and the status of literati was greatly improved. Therefore, the social activities of literati are often regarded as an elegant activity, and the literati group is gradually formed.
References:
[1] sheets. The ideological pattern and development trend in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties [J]. Historical Monthly, 20 10( 10).
[2] Shi Hui. Confucian ideological tendency of miscellaneous biographies in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties [J]. Find, 20 1 1(2).
[3] Luo Hongmei. A brief analysis of the characteristics of literary theory in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties [J]. Literary Studies, 20 1 1(3).
Knowledge points of poetry in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
1, Jian 'an style, also called Wei-Jin style, refers to the handsome and vigorous style of poetry. Jian 'an is the title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. This kind of poetry generally reflects social unrest and people's livelihood sufferings, shows the ambition to unify the whole country, has distinct characteristics of the times, and has a unique style of generosity and sadness. The representative poets of Jian 'an Style are Sancao (Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi) and Qizi (Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruanli, Yingchang and Serina Liu).
2. Seven-character poems originated from folk songs in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties. Seven-character poems include seven-character ancient poems, seven-character metrical poems and seven-character quatrains. The earliest recorded poet who formally wrote a seven-character poem was Cao Pi of Wei State, and his Ge Yanxing was the first seven-character poem written by a scholar.
3. Yuefu folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties are vigorous and hearty, reflecting a wide range of social life, with Mulan poems as their representative works; The folk songs of the Southern Dynasties tend to describe the love between men and women, with a touching style, and Song of Two Continents is its masterpiece.
4. Ruan Ji's masterpiece is eighty-two Odes to Huai, which is about the feelings of worrying about life and thinking about chaos. His poems are full of the technique of transporting Sichuan and comparing music, expressing the true feelings of life, secluded thinking and beautiful written expression, showing a magnificent and unique style. The Tang Dynasty's Love and Li Bai's Antique are both collections of real life feelings made by studying Ruan Ji's love poems.
5. Tao Yuanming's real name is Mr. Wuliu, Mr. posthumous title Jingjie, a poet and essayist at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty. Tian Tong's life is the theme of Tao Yuanming's poems. His main works include Drinking and Returning to the Garden. He was called an idyllic poet and a recluse poet by poetry critics. His poems are both semi-dull and hearty, and his language is unpretentious.
6. Xie Lingyun is a famous landscape poet in the history of China literature. He is good at describing the tour experience and natural scenery with rich and delicate language, and there are many quatrains with vivid images and beautiful artistic conception, which have a certain influence on the development of poetry in Tang Dynasty. Kasper? Lingyun and landscape poems have become a major school in the history of China literature.
7. Bao Zhao became a singer with a special sense of life experience, relying on passionate timbre and vigorous momentum, which had a great influence on Li Bai and Du Fu. After Cao Pi's "Ge Yanxing" has long been in decline, Bao Zhao established and initiated the further development of seven-character poetry with his eighteen "imitation difficulties" and a large number of artistic achievements, which played an extremely important role in the development history of seven-character poetry.
8. Xie Tiao is a representative writer of Yongming style poetry. He changed the description object of poetry from landscape to general natural scenery, and promoted the legalization of five-character poetry creation with a large number of new variant poems, which promoted the formation of five-character poetry. His creative practice made an important contribution to the formation of metrical poems in Tang Dynasty. The so-called Yongming style is a new poetic style that appeared the following year by Emperor Wu of Qi. Pay attention to rhyme, neat antithesis, gorgeous language, short space and orderly arrangement.