Textual research on 300 willow poems in Tang poetry. A probe into the origin of 300 Tang poems
The editor of 300 Tang Poems, Judge Heng Tang (171~1778), was originally named Sun Zhu, and his real name was Linxi, a native of Wuxi, Jiangsu.
I grew up in a poor family, sensitive and eager to learn. When studying in the cold winter, he often holds a piece of wood, saying that wood can make a fire to keep out the cold. After nine years of Qianlong (1745), he was admitted to Shuntian Juren, taught Jingshan official school, and served as an imperial edict of Shangyuan County.
In the 16th year of Qianlong (1752), he was a scholar and served as Lu Long and Dacheng Magistrate. Later, he was arrested and dismissed from office, and was appointed as the magistrate of zouping county.
In twenty-five years (176 1) and twenty-seven years (1763), Gan Long presided over the provincial examinations twice and recommended celebrities. He is an honest official, loves the people like a son, and is diligent and studious. His books are like Ou Yangxun's, his poems are in Du Gongbu, and he is the author of "A Manuscript in a Constant Hall".
In the spring of the twenty-eighth year of Qianlong, Sun Zhu consulted with his empress Xu and began to compile 300 Tang poems. The reason for compiling this book is that the standard of poetry selection in A Thousand Poems is not strict, the genre is unprepared and the styles are different. I hope to change it into a new selected book and become a teaching material suitable for my home school.
The criterion for their selection of poems is "to choose the most important one because they specialize in the most popular works of Tang poetry". It is both good and good, with genre as the warp and time as the weft.
Three hundred Tang Poems was edited in the 29th year of Qing Qianlong (1765). Some of the titles of the book are based on the folk proverb "Practice can recite poems", and some are based on "Three Hundred Poems", which is a matter of opinion.
2. Among the 300 Tang poems, what are the poems about breaking willows to bid farewell?
First, the feeling of "folding willows" When the ancients left, they should fold willows and send them to each other. This was a very popular folk custom at that time, especially among literati, and it became a fashion.
Zhang Ji's "Ji Bei Lu Si": "The willow outside the guest pavilion turns south." Zhou Bangyan's Brave Lanling: "The willow shade is straight and the smoke is beautiful.
On the Sui Dyke, I have seen it several times, and the water fluttered and the cotton was sent away. Changting Road, last year, should be the turn of thousands of feet. "
The universality of this custom and fashion can be seen from the words "all the way to the south branch" and "soft crossing thousands of feet". Farewell places are mostly pavilions, bridge heads or levees, such as "Sui Dike" mentioned in Zhou Bangyan's ci, and "Baling" below (there is Baqiao nearby).
Not only do you fold your willows when you bid farewell, but drinking alcohol when you bid farewell is naturally indispensable; Sometimes you have to play the flute to sing, and the music is ready-made. At that time, people with almost a little culture could sing casually. Of course, poets should recite poems and give each other words. In ancient poems, we can read many works related to the cultural custom of "breaking willows to bid farewell", which can be said to be a very important cultural landscape in the history of China literature.
For example, Li Bai's Blow in Los Angeles on a Spring Night: "Whose Yu Di flies in the dark and the spring breeze fills Los Angeles. In this serenade, I heard the willows, and no one can stand the nostalgia. "
This poem was put forward in the appreciation of ancient poetry in the college entrance examination in 2003. ) Li Bai's "Memory": "Xiao Shengyan, the dream is broken.
Qin family, every year in the second quarter of the moon, the willow color by the bridge is printed with seven windows for farewell. Li Bai's departure from a hotel in Nanjing: a wind, with catkins, scented the hotel, and a girl from Wu poured wine and advised me to share it.
Comrades in my city came to see me off. When each of them drank his glass, I said to him when leaving. Zheng Gu bid farewell to his friends in Huaishang: Yang, the head of the Yangtze River, and the man who killed the river crossing with sorrow.
The breeze blows gently, the flute whimpers, and the pavilion dyes dusk. You want to go south to Xiaoxiang, and I want to run to the west Qinling. "(Huayang is catkin.
Su Shi has "Huayang Ci") Wu Wenying's "The Wind Into the Pine": "The dark green in front of the building leads the way, with a touch of willow and an inch of tenderness." Poetry should not only write the action of "folding willows to bid farewell", but also all words related to willows should be used to express the kindness between friends and parting.
Such as willow, willow branch, Liu Yin, willow color, tobacco willow, willow cotton (also known as willow flower, Yang Shuhua, catkin), willow, folding willow, willow spring, willow and so on. There is also a very touching story in the poem "Folding Willow".
Li Zhiwen, an official in Song Dynasty, fell in love with Nie Shengqiong, a famous prostitute in Beijing. When Li was about to return to his hometown, Nie Shengqiong bid him farewell, drank wine and sang a song in the Lotus Building. The last sentence is: "I have no intention of staying in spring, but I have no intention of going with you."
Therefore, Li Zhiwen stayed and lived for more than a month. Later, because his wife urged him too hard, Li had to leave disappointed.
In less than ten days, Nie Shengqiong wrote a poem "Partridge Day" and sent it to Li Zhiwen. Li came halfway, hid in a box and was found by his wife when he came home.
Li had to tell the truth. Li Furen read The Partridge Sky and was glad to see its clear sentences.
Instead of stopping Nie Li's love affair, he took out his own private money and asked Li Zhiwen to go to the capital to marry Nie Shengqiong. Nie Shengqiong's Partridge Sky: Jade Flower is sad out of Fengcheng, and Liu Qingqing is downstairs, singing the fifth journey after Yangguan.
Looking for a beautiful dream, the dream is difficult to realize, who knows my mood at this time. Tears in front of the pillow and rain in front of the curtain drop through a window.
Second, the reason for "folding willow" is why do you want to fold willow? The common explanation is that "Liu" and "Don't" are homophonic. One is reluctant to give Liu a souvenir, and the other is unforgettable. However, we feel that this explanation is too thin to be completely convincing.
As a very common cultural custom, I'm afraid it can't be explained clearly by a homonym. Therefore, some people in ancient times explored the reasons from another angle.
For example, the Chu people in the Qing Dynasty put forward in Volume IV of Jian Xuan Guang Ji: "Those who bid farewell have nothing to fold but must be in the willow. It is not convenient for Jinting, and it is not convenient for people to go to their hometown like a tree leaving the soil. I hope they are safe everywhere, just like a willow tree is alive and well. " This explanation makes sense.
Compared with other trees, willow is characterized by "no fixed place to live", which can be used to wish people far away will be very happy when they arrive in a different place, and they can quickly integrate into the local people and everything will go well. This sentence has profound philosophy and higher cultural taste.
But in my opinion, this is not the original reason for the cultural custom of "folding willows to bid farewell". The earliest origin should be "I am dead, and the willows are reluctant; Today, I will think about these ancient poems, "Rain and snow are raining".
There are three reasons: first, this poem comes from the Book of Songs, which is a well-known sentence; Secondly, "Willow Yiyi" expresses the parting feelings of soldiers before going out to war, which lays the cultural tone for later farewell poems; Thirdly, The Book of Songs, as one of the Five Classics, has a profound and extensive cultural background. The ancients paid attention to "no words and no place" in their poems, which of course came from classics. In this sense, I think it is wrong for someone to change "guest house is like Liu Quan" in Weicheng Qu to "guest house is green and willow is new in color".
In a word, there should be three reasons for "farewell": homophonic feeling, philosophical enlightenment and cultural inheritance. Third, the music of "Broken Willow" When "Broken Willow Farewell", you should play the flute and sometimes sing aloud. Therefore, in ancient poems, you often associate the broken willow with playing the flute (singing) to express your deep affection for parting.
There are three pieces of music related to it: One is "Folding Yang Liuzhi" in the Northern Dynasty Yuefu "Drum Horn Blowing Across". There is a song that says, "If you don't catch the whip when you get on the horse, you will rebel against Yang Liuzhi.
Dismount and play the flute for fear of killing travelers. "Li Bai's Xia Sai Qu": "I heard a bright future, but I never saw spring scenery. "
There is also the "Whispering Flute in Los Angeles on a Spring Night" mentioned earlier, and the "Smelling Willow" mentioned in these two poems should be the song "Folding Yang Liuzhi". The second is the song of the Tang Dynasty, also known as the three layers of Yangguan.
In fact, it turned out to be not a song, but a poem from Wang Wei's "Sending Ruan's Second Envoy to Anxi": "Weicheng is rainy and dusty, and the guest house is green and willow-colored. I advise you to have another glass of wine. There is no reason to go out. "
Later, the musicians went to Yuefu to make a farewell song, and the last sentence, "People who went out of Yangguan in the Western Heaven for no reason", was repeatedly sung, so it was called "Three Levels of Yangguan". This is a very popular farewell song in the Tang Dynasty.
Third, Yang Liuzhi's Ci in Tang Dynasty. This is the name of Tang, and the author often uses this title to express it.
Write three ancient poems about willow, thank you.
Selected Reading of Wei's The Book of Songs
Recalling the original exploration, the wind in Yang Liuyi was blowing in the wind; Now back on the road, snowflakes are flying everywhere. The road is muddy and difficult to walk, and people are thirsty and hungry.
[Note] The Book of Songs, Xiaoya and Cai Wei, describes the feelings of soldiers who went to defend their country and missed their loved ones and hometown. This is the earliest poem in China's ancient poetry with willow as its image. The general idea is: when fighting, willows fall; Now that we are back, it is raining and snowing all over the sky.
Liu Yong [Song] Ceng Gong
Chaos is not yet yellow, leaning against the east wind.
I wonder if there is frost in heaven and earth.
[Note] This poem, entitled "Chanting Willow", actually refers to something. Through the description of willow "leaning on the east wind to make it crazy" and "flying flowers cover the sun and the moon", the madness of those little people when they succeed is written; And warned them that "there is frost in heaven and earth" will not come to a good end, nor will it escape the fate of extinction.
Dream of Red Mansions
Is it embroidered velvet and residual vomit, rolling up a half-curtain of fragrant fog, and hand-picking it, which makes cuckoo cry and envy?
Live, live! Don't let spring go.
This word was written by Shi Xiangyun, a character in A Dream of Red Mansions written by Cao Xueqin. It is very interesting to read.
Partridges sing willows.
have nothing to do
After the rain, it will clear up, may will clear up, and it will clear up for a while.
The smoke in the cage is delicate and charming, and occasionally butterflies dance.
The waist is thin and the eyebrows are happy. Hand in hand and rub shoulders.
People used to complain about their feelings, but today I turned it into a fascinating article.
[Note] This is the word "Liu Yong" written by a netizen, which has the legacy of the ancients and is more innovative in the times.
(light rain/series)
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4. To test everyone, the source of the word "Liu Yang" (pay attention to the source) must be rewarded.
"I left yesterday, willow, a.. I want to come today, rain and snow fly. " Since The Book of Songs, Liu Yang has been the object of praise in China's classical literature. The sentences in "Xiaoya Cai Wei" are not only full of beauty of rhythm and melody, but also create a precedent for willow trees to conceive people. In later poems, Qingqing Yang Liuzhi became a symbolic plant, which bound the wanderer and left sadness.
According to statistics, most of the plants in China's literary works are willows. Take "300 Tang Poems" as an example, there are 23 poems written by Liu, second only to pine trees. According to legend, when patrolling the banks of Bianqu, Yu Bi named weeping willows on both sides of the river Yang. Since then, the word Liu Yang has been handed down, not a combination of willows.
5. Where did 300 Tang poems come from?
Three hundred Tang Poems is a widely circulated anthology of Tang poems. The 290 years of Tang Dynasty (6 18 ~907) was the golden age of China's poetry development. There are many famous poets, including more than 50,000 Tang poems. Sun Qin 'an's "Introduction to 600 Kinds of Abstracts of Selected Poems of Tang Poetry" points out that "there are still more than 300 kinds of selected poems of Tang poetry that have been lost." Among them, 300 Tang poems are the most popular and famous. "There are 77 poems in 300 Tang Poems, ***3 1 1, including 38 poems by Du Fu, 29 poems by Wang Wei, 27 poems by Li Bai and 22 poems by Li Shangyin. It is the best introductory book for primary and middle school students to get in touch with China's classical poems.
Editor of 300 Poems of Tang Dynasty, Judge Heng Tang (171~1778), formerly known as Sun Zhu, was born in Wuxi, Jiangsu, and his ancestral home was in Xiuning, Anhui. I grew up in a poor family, sensitive and eager to learn. When studying in the cold winter, he often holds a piece of wood, saying that wood can make a fire to keep out the cold. After nine years of Qianlong (1745), he was admitted to Shuntian Juren, taught Jingshan official school, and served as an imperial edict of Shangyuan County. In the 16th year of Qianlong (175 1), he was a scholar, and served as Lulong and Dacheng magistrate. Later, he was arrested and dismissed from office, and was appointed as the magistrate of zouping county. In twenty-five years (176 1) and twenty-seven years (1763), Gan Long presided over the provincial examinations twice and recommended celebrities. He is an honest official, loves the people like a son, and is diligent and studious. His books are like Ou Yangxun's, his poems are in Du Gongbu, and he is the author of "A Manuscript in a Constant Hall". In the spring of the twenty-eighth year of Qianlong, Sun Zhu consulted with his empress Xu and began to compile 300 Tang poems. The reason for compiling this book is that the standard of poetry selection in A Thousand Poems is not strict, the genre is unprepared and the styles are different. I hope to change it into a new selected book and become a teaching material suitable for my home school. The criterion for their selection of poems is "to choose the most important one because they specialize in the most popular works of Tang poetry". It is both good and good, with genre as the warp and time as the weft. Three hundred Tang Poems was edited in the 29th year of Qing Qianlong (1765). Some of the titles of the book are based on the folk proverb "You can recite poems if you are familiar with 300 Tang poems", and some are based on "300 poems", which is a matter of opinion. Three hundred Tang Poems was collected by world record association as the most widely circulated poetry collection in China.
6. There are 300 poems with flowers in Tang poetry.
1. Taohuatan is deeper than thousands of feet, but less than Wang Lun.
(Li Bai's Gift to Wang Lun) 2. Swallows don't return to the Spring Festival Evening, and it's a misty rain and apricot blossoms. (Dai Shulun's Suxi Pavilion) 3 Like the strong wind in spring, it blows at night and blows away the petals of ten thousand pear trees.
(Cen Can's "Snow White Farewells Tian Shuji Wu Gui") 4. When people are idle, the night is quiet and the mountains are empty. (Wang Wei's Bird Watching Flow) 5. Even if the wind blows away overnight, it is only near the shallow waters of Lu Hua.
(Sikong Shu's "Jiangcun is a thing") 6. The scattered plum blossoms were waxed, and the old garden went home for the New Year. (Li Pin's "Hukou Farewell to Friends") 7. Wait until the mountain is on holiday, and I'll come back at chrysanthemum time.
(Meng Haoran, "Passing the Old Village") 8. Peach blossoms outside the bamboo are three or two, and the spring water heating duck prophet. (Su Shi's Night Scene of the Spring River in Hui Chong) 9. In April, the south wind turns yellow, and the jujube flowers don't fall into the shade.
(A Farewell to My Friend Chen by Li Qi) 10. Pear flower garden melts into the moon, catkin pool is light wind. (Yan Shu's Morality) 1 1. On the way to Linping Mountain in May, countless lotus flowers bloomed in Tingzhou.
(Dao Qian's Linping Road) 12. The next day, the lotus leaves are infinitely blue, and the lotus flowers are of different colors. (Yang Wanli's See Lin Zifang at Dawn in Jingci Temple) 13. The small building listens to the spring rain all night, and the deep alley sells apricot flowers.
(Lu You's Spring Rain Begins in Lin 'an) 14. No one saw plum blossoms and bamboo, and they blew incense on the stone bridge all night. (Jiang Baishi's "From Stone to Lake and Creek except Night") 15. There are reeds all over the ground. I'm old, too. Whoever flies home will fly.
(Wen Tianxiang Jinling Post) 16. On the Double Ninth Festival, I came to Chrysanthemum Time Meng Haoran's Crossing the Old Village 19. The flowers are more and more attractive, and the shallow grass can't have horseshoes. Bai Juyi's Spring Tour in Qiantang 20. The edge of the sword is sharpened, and the fragrance of plum blossoms is bitter and cold. 2 1, I am seeing the guests off and staying at the Xunyang River at night. Tang Yuanzhen: It's not that chrysanthemum is preferred among flowers, but that this flower is more barren. The first month, golden spring, February, apricot blossom full of powder, March, peach blossom red, April, rose near the low wall, May, pomegranate red, June, lotus full pond, July, gardenia wearing head, August, osmanthus full of fragrance, September, hibiscus putting on makeup, October, winter narcissus case,
Song Chen Liang: A flower suddenly changes and a hundred flowers blossom. If you want to spread the message of spring, you are not afraid to hide in the snow.
Song Ceng Gong: A gust of wind blew, and the lotus bloomed. In June, it was cool and refreshing. Why ask for trouble? There is a fairy town in the water town.
Tang Hanyu: Ubud has no talent, but he knows how to make snowflakes fly all over the sky. Tang Hanyu: It was sunny in Liu Hua in May. He saw a child on a branch. Unfortunately, there are no horses and chariots here, and the moss is upside down.
Tang Liu Yuxi: The peony demon in front of the court was unqualified, and the lotus on the pool was pure and had a special liking. Only peony is the real national color, and it will move the capital as soon as it opens.
Tang Du Fu: Peach blossoms are in full bloom, lovely and crimson. Wang Song Jujube: Peach blossoms smile across the fence, which seems to be affectionate before opening.
Don Li Shangyin: Flowers have nothing to do with leaves in the world, and flowers go into golden pots for dust. Only violet and red violet are naive.
Wang Song Anshi ★ Chanting pomegranate flowers: a little green and red, not much touching spring scenery. Tang Pirixiu: Being Kao is the best thing to listen to.
I cann't believe I boast that I'm strict in traveling west, and I'm the best in the world. Zheng Song Xiao Si: Let a hundred flowers blossom. It's interesting to hedge independently.
Instead of the north wind blowing orchids for grass, orchids for trees for pine, it is better to hold incense for branches and die. Orchid fragrance is calm, and the cold does not change.
-Li Bai Lotus After all, the scenery of the West Lake is different from that at four o'clock in June. Lotus leaves will not turn green the next day, and lotus flowers are particularly bright red in the sun.
Chrysanthemums are planted in the west wind, but cold butterflies are hard to come by. If I were Di Qing next year, I would report to Taohua.
Plum branches in the corner, cold ling flowers alone. I knew from a distance that it wasn't snow, because there was a smell coming.
Bai Juyi's Qin Zhongyin 10 "Buy Flowers" talks about peony and buys flowers with peony. The price is uncertain, and the number of flowers is rewarded directly.
Burn a hundred red flowers and press five bundles of vegetarian food. Hang a curtain on it and weave a fence next to it.
Sprinkle water and seal it with mud, and the color will not change. There is an Weng who comes to buy flowers occasionally.
Bow your head and sigh alone. This sigh is nobody's business. A bunch of dark flowers, ten people bless! A column of flowers from Liu Yuxi's Ping family was not at home when she arrived.
Modaoxi is not far away, and spring comes to the horizon. Cuihu, the capital of Nanzhuang, last year today, in this door, people face peach blossoms; I don't know where to go, but peach blossoms are still smiling in the spring breeze. Xiaomei in the Mountain Garden Lin Bu's fragrant flowers have fallen and occupied a small garden.
"Mottled shadows hang obliquely on the clear shallow water, and their fragrance spreads peacefully in the moonlight dusk." Cold birds want to fly, first glimpse plum blossoms; Butterflies will be enchanting if they know the beauty of plum blossoms.
Fortunately, there are micro songs to compare, and there is no need for sandalwood gold bottles. "Yimei" Li Shangyin settled in Tianya, unwilling to look at things.
Samuume is the most offensive thing, because the old one is regarded as the flower that opened last year. "Lotus Picking Song" Wang Changling lotus leaf skirt is cut in monochrome, and hibiscus flowers bloom to both sides of the face.
Lotus is mixed in the lotus pond, and it is difficult to recognize the lotus pond. Only when you hear the song do you know that someone is picking lotus in the pond-picking lotus. Lingyin Temple Song Wenzhi Nine Mausoleums are gloomy and lonely, and the Dragon Palace locks loneliness.
Look at the sea, the door is facing the tide in Zhejiang. In the middle of the month, laurel trees fall and fragrant clouds float outside.
If you climb the tower, you will find that spring is far away. Frost is thin, flowers are hairy, and ice leaves are not withered.
The age of rewelding is still different, and the search is right. Stay on Tiantai Road and look at the extra stone bridge.
Wine in the rain, begonia in the court does not thank after the rain. In February, when the guest was in Baling, Chen Jiayi had a glass of wine in a hurry, wishing he could not get drunk late. Swallows can't help raining at night, and Haitang is still waiting for old poems.
The spring scenery is upside down, and the broken teeth wish the holy day. Since the bamboo fence, the lake is wide and the sea is wide, and the life experience is sad.
Flowers, flowers! Leave early and open a letter of credit. For drinkers and poets.
You can go back to the anchorage and drive through every stop. The breeze rises and the sun sets.
And willing to be together, only worried about abandoning Guanghua. Next year's climb is not far away, who can sigh for it again?
Spring, spring! Liu Nen, Hua Xin. Messier powder, grass shop.
Sheep hoof in the north, Yan language in the south. In the suburbs, BMW sizzles, while Mozi shimmers.
In warm days, the ice disappears and the water is green, and the wind and rain are tender and the smoke is light. The East Pavilion is full of childe banquets, and there are many people enjoying flowers in Chengdu.
Wine, wine! Invite friends and make friends. Don't wait for me, it will take a long time.
Before the roll call, the ceremony was after tea. The breeze is indispensable, and the moon must be taught.
Li Bai-ri drinks one stone, and Liu Ling solves five fights. Childe lips like peaches, beauty like willows.
Mountain, mountain! Abrupt, circular. Luo Didai, Lan Lieqing.
The clouds in the cave are ethereal and the water in the stream is slippery. On the other side of the mountain, you can see blue light.
I thought Yunfeng was still there, so I should climb with Xie Lu again. Although "Saving the Seven Sages" is lovely, it should not be idle in the prime of life.
Loose, loose. Strict festival, thick yin. Can always understand agility.
High invasion of blue cold, forest pine breeze. The shape of Iraq is like a cover, and it is like a dragon.
The wind rustled in the leaves, and the shadow of the moon was heavy. Four seasons often hold gentleman's exercises, and five strains have been sealed by doctors.
Zhuang, Zhuang! Near the bank, near the hill. Blue tile house, white mud wall.
Sang Maying, Liu Yu Chengxing. Pheasants crow in bamboo dock, and wild dogs bark in village square.
Dangdang smoke cage.
7. There are 300 Tang poems that left a note for an absent episode.
The wind is full of flowers.
A girl Wu poured wine and advised me to share it.
With the comrades in the city who came to see me off.
When each of them drank his glass, I said to him
Oh, ask this river that flows eastward.
If it can go further than the love of friends!
056 Li Baixuan Zhou Xie Lou farewell school book Shu Yun
Throw me and lightning
Yesterday's day can't stay.
The person who disturbs my heart
It hurts my heart even more today
Autumn geese are escorted by Changfeng
When I was in the villa, I faced them and drank my wine.
The great writer's bones are your brushes, in heaven school.
My poems are as fresh and elegant as Xie Tiao and his folk.
Be ambitious, enthusiastic, brave and noble.
Yearning for the sky and the bright moon
But since the water is still flowing, although we cut it with a sword,
Sadness has returned, although we drown them with wine.
If you find yourself insignificant in life
You might as well have long hair and set sail for fun tomorrow.
057 "Song of Running the Horse River" Farewell to General Feng of the Western Expedition
Look, how fast the Benma River runs to Xue Hai!
Sand in the desert, yellow flies to heaven.
The night of the ninth month is blowing cold wind in the skyscraper.
And valleys, full of broken boulder like pecking measures.
Down, forward, with the wind
Although the grass is gray, the Tatar horse is still full.
West of Jinshan, smoke and dust gather.
General of China's army, start your battle!
Wear your armor all night.
Let your soldiers go forward with weapons!
When the sharp wind tip cuts the face like a knife
Sweat like snow on horseback
Freeze the pattern of five-flowered coins
You come from the challenge of camp, from the ink bottle of ice.
Let the savage chief's heart become cold
You will no longer need a real fight!
We are waiting for the news of victory in Xiguan!