Imperial clan king sun
Li He was born in the sixth year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong (AD 790), a ruined aristocratic family. His distant ancestor was Li Liang, uncle of Tang Gaozu Li Yuan, and a distant relative of the imperial clan in the Tang Dynasty. When Wu Zetian was in power, she killed many great-grandfather descendants. By the time Li He's father, Li Jinsong, had become a minor celebrity, his family had fallen into poverty and had disappeared into Long Valley.
Li He is very proud of his noble Li Tang lineage. He mentioned many times in his health: "Li Changji, the grandson of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty", "Who is unwilling for his grandson" and "Please Cao Zhi for the grandson of the emperor". But in fact, I'm afraid he's not even a direct line of Zheng's royal family, at least his family line has long since declined.
Describing his family, Li He said, "I live in a house on the mountain with an acre of land. The night rain calls the renter, and the sound is dark. " ("Send the Wei brothers into the customs") Father Li Jinsu was hired as a "border resident" in his early years. In the third year of Dali (768), I went to work in Shu. He once met his cousin Du Fu in the police, and he has been "wandering" all his life. During the Zhenyuan period when Li He was born, Jin Su was slightly promoted and became the magistrate of Shaanxi County, but he died of old age soon.
Mother Zheng gave birth to a daughter and two sons, who live in Changgu. After the eldest daughter got married, the family became poorer. Li He and his two brothers went out to make a living and wanted to fill their stomachs. "If you want to see thousands of miles away, you are willing to beat millet" ("Two Poems of Mourning in Little Season to Send Lushan Mountain"), which is desolate, can be seen here.
Li He was thin from childhood, with long eyebrows and claws, and his appearance was very distinctive. He is very clever. He can write poems at the age of seven and is good at "speed reading". According to legend, in the twelfth year of Zhenyuan (AD 796), Li He was seven years old. When Han Yu and Huang Fushi visited, Li He wrote a poem "Gao Xuan Guo", which surprised Han Yu and Huang Fushi. Li He became famous in Luo Jing. .
Li He, a little older, rode a donkey to find a sentence during the day, explored the bag at dusk, and burned ointment. He worked very hard. Li Shangyin wrote a short biography and said, "When Heng was a child, he teased slaves, rode a huge donkey and carried an old backpack. When he got something, he threw the book into his bag and returned at dusk. His wife asked the maid to take it out. She read a lot of books and said,' That was my ear!' "。 In the twentieth year of Zhenyuan (804), fifteen-year-old Li He was as famous as Li Yi in Beijing.
Tang Shunzong Yong Zhenyuan years (805), Li He was sixteen years old. In those days, Shunzong succeeded to the throne in spite of illness (stroke), and Wang and Wei Zhiyi were appointed to get rid of the disadvantages and bring forth the new, which is called Yongzhen innovation in history. In August, eunuchs and literary talents colluded with aristocratic bureaucrats to change Yuan Yongzhen, forcing Shunzong to abdicate due to illness, and the New Deal failed. The following year, Shunzong died of illness. Tang people (Liu Yuxi, Liu Zongyuan, etc. There is an allusion in their poems that Shunzong did not die of illness, but was killed. When Li He became an adult, he learned about it and wrote a satirical "Han Drinking Song".
Frustrated in official career
In the second year of Yuanhe in Tang Xianzong (AD 807), Li He was about eighteen years old, that is, the title of the poem was widely circulated. In the third and fourth years of Yuanhe (AD 808-809), Li He wrote "Wild Goose Gate" to pay tribute to Han Yu. It was said that Han Yu was in Luoyang, and Li He went to pay tribute. It is said that Han Yu and Huang Fushi once paid a return visit together and wrote the famous poem "Gao Xuan Guo". I could have risen to the top of my family, but I was "not weak then", that is, my father lost me.
At that time, the funeral was limited to three years, so it was not until the fifth year of Yuanhe (8 10) that Han Yucai and Li Heshu advised him to take the Jinshi exam. In the early winter of that year, Li He, 2 1 year-old, took part in the room-style host, and Han Yu took part in the Henan government test, and made "Henan government test in December, the music words leap over the moon", which won in one fell swoop and went to Chang 'an to study at the end of the year. However, when the fan is off, every dog can't meet him. People who are jealous of talents spread rumors that Li He's father's names "Jin Su", "Jin" and "Jin" are "disrespectful".
Although Han Yu defended him with "quality is in the law" and "recorded in the canon", he was helpless and Li He had to leave the hospital angrily. In the spring of the third year of Yuanhe (AD 808), Li He, aged 19, left Beijing and returned to Changgu to write and leave the city. In that year 10, he went west to Chang 'an again. Stopped in Luoyang, Han Yu and Huang Fushi visited and asked who was the last to come. Li He thanked them for their "Gao Xuanguo". 10 14, Li He bid farewell to his predecessors in the courtyard of Renhe Li Fang, Luoyang, and wrote "Renhe Huangfu's Family".
In the fifth year of Yuanhe (8 10), Li He was twenty-one, and Han Yu was transferred to Henan Order (Henan Prefecture, which governs Luoyang). There is a poem "Yan Henan Mansion Scholar", in which "I only want to write articles, but dare not envy and argue". It may be that I feel sorry for the unfortunate experience of Li He before and advise this year's candidates.
It was a heavy blow to Li He that he failed to get into the Jinshi exam. He wrote many poems to express his anger and returned to Nagaya that year. About because he is a descendant of Li Tang's imperial clan, and Han Yu won the prize for it, in May of Yuanhe six years (8 1 1), Li He returned to Chang 'an and was recommended by the imperial clan. After the examination, his father's shadow became an official, and he was appointed as a gift lang. After that, he was imprisoned in Chang 'an for three years. As an official for three years, Li He personally experienced, heard and witnessed many things, made a group of like-minded friends and had a deep understanding of the social situation at that time.
Although my personal life is not satisfactory, I have created a series of poems that reflect reality and lash out at the darkness. Although the mood here is "like a dog", it has increased life experience, expanded knowledge and gained great gains in poetry creation. The so-called congratulatory poems "deeply stab the disadvantages of the present world and reach the point of seclusion" (Wen Yao's Ci in Qing Dynasty), most of which were produced in this period. His prominent position in the poetry circle of the middle Tang Dynasty and even the whole literary world of the Tang Dynasty should be said to be mainly laid by nearly 60 works created during this period.
Wandering in old age
Because there is no hope of relocation, fame and fortune, grief and indignation are getting deeper and deeper. Coupled with the death of his wife, Li He was depressed and sick. In the eighth year of Yuanhe (8 13), he returned to Long Valley to recuperate for a period of time. However, unwilling to sink, he went south again, hoping to show his talents in South Chu or wuyue. When he left Chang 'an, his friend, Monk Wu (Monk of Qinglong Temple), once wrote a poem "Send Li Changji to serve as Dongjing", wishing him success in the southern expedition, but the result was not good either.
"Kyushu personnel is so", he returned to Luoyang, bid farewell to his elder Huang Fushi and other relatives and friends, and went west to Chang 'an on October 14 of the same year. In the ninth year of Yuanhe (8 14), he resolutely resigned from Feng's post and returned to Changgu. Then take Yiyang, Luoyang and Heyang, enter Taihang, and arrive in Luzhou (now Changzhi City, Shanxi Province) in late autumn. After that, under the recommendation of Zhang Che in Luzhou, he worked as an adjutant for three years, serving Zhao Yijun in our time and helping to deal with official documents.
In the 11th year of Yuanhe (8 16), because the northern buffer region was king and the separatist forces were rampant, Xi Shi Mei sought change and went to Luoyang to recuperate, and his friend Zhang Che also returned to Chang 'an. Li He had no choice but to support his illness and return to the former residence of Changgu to sort out his poems. He died of illness at the age of 27.
Extended data:
Style of works
The poetic style of Li He's poems is ethereal and even grotesque, and the content is mainly to express his grief and indignation towards talented people. Describe the imaginary world of ghosts and gods; Describe the sufferings of the people; Expose the evils of the times, criticize the debauchery of rulers, and praise the bravery of frontier fortress soldiers. Its artistic characteristics are: fantastic imagination, fantastic rhetoric, colorful changes and deliberate innovation.
The image of poetry jumps and the structure is unconventional. Clever rhetoric and peculiar poetic language. However, it also has some shortcomings, such as the pursuit of strangeness and illusion, which is often obscure and dangerous, lacking a complete image and coherent emotional context, which is difficult to solve. ?
1, the language is cold and miserable
The unique language creates a sad atmosphere, which is one of the most successful factors in Li He's poetry, and also the key to the uniqueness of Changji Style in the flowery poetry circle. Typical as Qiu Lai described by Li He. The poem "Qiu Lai" was written when Li He resigned and went home.
The bad mood, bleak autumn wind and biting cold rain caused infinite sadness in the poet's heart. The poet's subjective feelings are integrated with the ghosts in the lonely grave. With the help of "ghosts", he expresses his feelings and expresses the poet's deep sorrow with magnificent and peculiar artistic images, which condenses into a beautiful and cold language, which is frightening and creepy to read. [ 18]?
Li He took poetry as his painstaking work and career, and his mother said that he was "painstaking". He deliberately pursues the beauty of poetic language. In Song Dynasty, Yan Yu said in Cang Lang Shi Hua that "the long auspicious rose is mysterious, and heaven and earth owe it to themselves." In the poem "Qiu Lai", the soul-stirring wind, lingering fragrance, ghosts singing precious poems, hating blood and turning green, and other bleak images fully embody the artistic features of Li He's language. There is a unique charm. ?
2, choose words and sentences, don't fall into the same pattern.
Li Heshi was influenced by Chu Ci, Gu Yuefu, Qi Lianggong, Du Li, Han Yu, etc., and formed a very unique style through his own casting and bitterness. The greatest feature of Shi Li's poems is rich and strange imagination and gorgeous and strange language. Changji wrote to Tianhe and Youyue Palace; Talking about ancient and modern times and exploring ghosts and gods, his imagination is magical, magnificent and gorgeous. Changji deliberately honed his language to make it fantastic, concise, steep and colorful. There are many ingenious, strange and novel languages in his works.
For example, strange words such as He Kou Cup Day (drinking by the King of Qin), Walking Clouds to Learn the Sound of Water (a ballad in the sky), and "Jade wheel rolls with wet light" (a dream of heaven) abound. It can be said that "new" is the pursuit of Changji's era, especially Han Meng's poetry school represented by his mentor and friend Han Yu.
He also has many vivid and easy-to-understand works, such as Persuading Love, Five Satiries, Beijing, Mocking Teenagers and so on. Like Li Bai, Du Fu, Liu Yuxi and Bai Juyi, there is also a four-letter word called "Shi Gui" because of ghosts, weeping, blood and death.
Another major feature of Changji's poetry is that he wrote more ancient poems and Yuefu poems, and rarely wrote modern poems that were popular at that time. There are no seven-metrical poems in the existing poems. Li He has made outstanding contributions to the inheritance and innovation of Yuefu poems, borrowing the past to present, satirizing or sighing, being flexible, careless and innovative. In addition to Yuefu schools such as Zhang and Wang, it is unique.
He is especially good at short stories, such as Song of the Sky, Dream of Paradise and Song of Di Zi. And it is a masterpiece called "Dragon Ridge" by later generations. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin and Wen's ancient poems followed the path initiated by Li He. He Zuoxiu, Zhou Bangyan, Liu Kezhuang, Xie Ao and Wen Tianxiang in Song Dynasty, Sadula and Yang Weizhen in Yuan Dynasty, Tang Xianzu in Ming Dynasty, Cao Xueqin, Li Jian and Yao Xie in Qing Dynasty were all influenced by Li Heshi.
3. Choose the object and find another way.
Fang Meng once said in Yuan Dynasty: "Reading Changji Yuefu Poetry in December has new meanings, beautiful sentences and different syllables. In this group of poems, images and artistic conception are completely avoided. In the poem, you don't have to fold willows in February, peaches and plums in March, Aipu in May, cowherd in July, bright moon in August and mountain climbing in September. These people can only sing "Heaven to Earth, Rain to Wind, Mainland to Sky". "Thunder is faint, foggy, mountain flowers are on the sea tree, the sun is on the sky, and poor literati are far behind.
Another example is his masterpiece "Drinking by the King of Qin", the poem is "Drinking by the King of Qin", but there is not a story about the State of Qin (Wang Qi's Poems of Li Changji). Like all ancient poems, the theme of his poems mostly goes beyond "pen and ink". He wrote the works of the ancients, mostly to allude to the social reality at that time, or to express his depressed mood and subtle thoughts. It is difficult to find realistic works about ancient times in his collection. ?
Images of aging and death are multi-purpose: In the history of China's poetry, almost no young poet prefers to describe things of aging and death and start Changji's poetry. This image is everywhere, with words like old age, death and decline everywhere, while others are like disability, discontinuity, loss, emaciation, old age, ghost, withering, decay, disease, failure, decline, twilight, disadvantage and destruction.
The statistical results show that the above words appear more than 440 times in Li He's poems, with an average of two times in each poem. The word "old" appears most frequently (48 times), followed by "cold" (34 times), "broken" (33 times), "sad" (24 times) and "dead".
Commonly used ghost images: Li He's Ghost Poems are only a dozen, less than one twentieth of all his works. However, the word "ghost" has an indissoluble bond with him and is regarded as "ghost material" and "ghost fairy". What thoughts and feelings these poems show and how to evaluate them have become a pen and ink case. In the ghost world written by Li He, there are cold wandering souls on Su Xiaoxiao's tomb; There is Ma Si who heard nothing on the eve of Maoling in Liu Che; There are lacquer torches in Nanshan to welcome guests, and fireflies in the soil are disturbing; In the cold rain, there are ghosts singing in the autumn grave, and the Millennium hates blood.
Needless to say, Li He's poems also have many shortcomings. On the one hand, due to excessive carving and curiosity, some works are obscure in meaning, piled with words, incomplete in artistic image and incoherent in emotional context. Some of his poems have inherited the tradition of ghosts in the mountains and national mourning in Qu Yuan's Songs of the South, such as The Fairy Song, The Wild Goose Gate's Taishouxing, The Golden Boy Ren Xian's Songs of the Han Dynasty and so on.
The other part is very realistic, such as "The Old Lady Picks Jade Songs", which reflects the hardships of the poor. At the same time, his poems also reveal sentimental feelings about the fleeting good times. Those who belittle Li are said to be "too many monsters" (Zhang's Coral Hook Poems), and even regarded as "the demon of poetic immortals" (Pan Deyu's Yangyizhai Poems). It is very reasonable for Wang Shizhen to briefly summarize Chang Ji's poems with a word "Guo".
Personality assessment
Li He is another famous positive romantic poet in the history of China literature after Qu Yuan and Li Bai. His poems criticized the fatuity and decay of the rulers and the dark reality of the separatist regime in the buffer regions. There are also many people who sympathize with the grievances and pains of the lower classes and are politically progressive. In art, his poems are high-spirited, or like clouds falling and snow falling, which is extremely romantic; Or as bright, beautiful and bright as the moon. It is very original in strange imagination, exquisite conception and incisive language, and it is unique in the middle Tang Dynasty and has pioneering power.
Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia-Li He (Tang Dynasty poet)