1. Early Tang Dynasty (6 18-7 12): Early Tang Dynasty is the brewing period of Tang poetry. The main poets are Wang Bo, Luo, Lu, Yang Jiong and Shen? Period, song dynasty, people.
1) poetic realm: the Song line in hand "from the court to the market" (Lu's "Chang 'an Ancient Meaning"); In the hands of Wang Yang, the Five Laws "moved from Taige to Jiangshan Desert" (Yang Jiong's Joining the Army).
(2) pay attention to temperament;
(3) Stress on backbone: For example, Join the Army is generous and heroic; "Send Du Shaofu as a Book Biography" washed away the sad and sour state, bright and detached; "Political prisoners listen to cicadas" have sustenance.
Sijie has the consciousness of consciously changing the style of writing and advocates a vigorous style of writing. Yang Jiong's Preface to the Collection of Wang Bo said: "(Long Shuo variant) has all its backbone, but it is not strong." . Think about its disadvantages and use it. "There are strong and generous works in their poems. Yang Jiong's Preface to Wang Bo commented on Wang Shi: "Firm but not empty, firm and moist, engraved but not broken, firm by pressing. "People think that Wang Bo can enrich his works with his energetic and decorative personality.
Wang Shizhen's Memory of Words in the Ming Dynasty: "The lyrics and songs are gorgeous, firmly rooted in the traces of Chen and Liang, with graceful bones and old and detached images." It is believed that palace poems have both flashy side and personality side. They strive to open up the realm of poetry, feel the words with relatively smooth momentum, and transform the couples of the Six Dynasties into beautiful and vigorous.
Du Fu's Play is Six Poems: Wang Yang, at that time, frivolous and literary. After the life of your generation has all turned to dust, nothing will hurt the torrent flowing to the endless river.
2. Prosperous Tang Dynasty (7 12-675): Prosperous Tang Dynasty is the golden age of Tang poetry. At that time, outstanding poets were like stars, and two great poets appeared-Li Bai and Du Fu. Besides Li and Du, Gao Shi, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran are also outstanding poets.
The development of poetry in the early Tang Dynasty was from court to personal lyricism. The general theme of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty is social and political, which reflects the overall style of people in the Tang Dynasty who attach importance to work, are full of ideals, are highly confident, and are open-minded and enthusiastic. Dapeng rises with the wind one day and soars into Wan Li. (Li Bai's "Li Shangyong")
1), once you climb to the top, you will see that all the other mountains are short under the sky ... (Du Fu's "Looking at Yue")
2) Show new experiences. Even if it is an old theme, write a new experience. Such as frontier poems.
3), big vision, big pattern. The early Tang poetry is fine, and the Tang poetry is rich. The Yellow River is getting farther and farther away, because it flows in the middle of the Yellow River, and Yumenguan is located on a lonely mountain. (Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci") How the water of the Yellow River moved to the sky and ran into the sea, never to return; What a lovely lock in the bright mirror in the high room, although the silky black turns into snow in the morning and at night. ..... Let me, three hundred bowls, a long drink! ..... and you will be sad forever. (Li Bai's "Into the Wine") Xing Han put pen to paper, shook the five mountains, and became a proud poem in Cangzhou. (Li Bai) Wang Wan's "Berthing at the North Fort Mountain": Green hills sail around the boat, while green waters sail around the boat. Until the river bank widens at low tide, and no wind blows my lonely sail. ... night gives way to the ocean of the sun, and the old year melts in freshness. I can finally send my messenger, the wild goose, back to Luoyang.
4) A large number of poor scholars went to the poetry circle.
3. Mid-Tang Dynasty (766-835): Poetry in the Middle Tang Dynasty is only a continuation of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The mid-Tang Dynasty is an important turning point in the development history of Tang poetry, and it is also another prosperous time after the prosperous Tang Dynasty. During Zhenyuan and Yuanhe years, Tang poetry reached its second climax due to the emergence of two schools with different styles, Han Meng and Bai Yuan, and famous artists with unique styles, such as Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan. There are three peak periods in the history of China's ancient poetry, which are called "Sanyuan"-Kaiyuan, Yuanhe and Yuan You. The main poets are Wei, Liu Zongyuan, Han Yu, Meng Jiao, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Compared with the poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the poetry creation in this period has the following characteristics:
1), the number of poets and works is much more than that in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
2) Pursuing new changes. Poetry reached its peak in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and it was extremely difficult to last. Poets in the middle Tang Dynasty had to find another way to pursue new changes. Just as Bai Juyi said, "Poetry reaches Yuan, but the style becomes new" ("I will give it back to you before I finish adding six rhymes to my thoughts". Borrowing, actual white finger singing and long method)
3), diversification. Different poets and creative groups have different pursuits for new changes, which leads to the diversification of poetry creation. Its performance is that the creative personality is more distinct and prominent, and the styles and schools are more diverse.
4. Late Tang Dynasty (836-906): The late Tang Dynasty was an era when Tang poetry turned from prosperity to decline. Most poets imitate their predecessors, lacking tolerance and low artistic achievements. Poetry in the late Tang Dynasty generally has a gloomy and sad atmosphere with a strong sentimental color. Ye Xie's original poem? External article:
Commentators call it the late Tang poetry, with a weak voice. ..... poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, blooming spring flowers, ... late Tang poetry, autumn flowers. The hibiscus by the river and the chrysanthemum by the fence are beautiful and fragrant, aren't they beautiful?
Yu Shucheng's Style of Tang Poetry divides the late Tang poetry into two categories: one is poor poets, represented by Jia Dao, Yao He and Meng Jiao, including Pi Rixiu and Lu Guimeng. Style characteristics: narrow convergence realm, psychological indifference, intentional writing poetry. Second, colorful poets, represented by "Xiao" and Wen. Features: sad, beautiful and euphemistic.
Poets in the late Tang Dynasty were represented by Li Shangyin, Wen and Du Mu.
In the early Tang Dynasty, there were about 270 poets and 2757 poems. The central issue is to critically inherit the literature of the Six Dynasties, integrate the literary styles of the North and the South, and open up a healthy development path for the development of poetry.
The evolution of early Tang poetry can be divided into two periods: fifty years before and after. The first fifty years of the early Tang Dynasty can be said to be the era of court poetry (2). As far as writers are concerned, the first 50 years of the early Tang Dynasty were mainly represented by Li Shimin, including writers such as Li Baiyao, Yu Shinan, Ma Zhou, Xu, Yang Shidao, Sun Chang Wuji, Wei Zhi, Shangguan Yi and Chu Liang. The "official style" based on "Qi Cuo Wan Yi" is the representative of this period. The second half of the early Tang Dynasty is a period of gradually breaking through the old poetic style and establishing the style of Tang poetry. During this period, the literary world was active, and the voice of reforming poetic style was as strong as creative practice. First, in the post-Gao Zongwu period, four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty entered the poetry world, moving the theme of poetry from the palace to the street, from the Taige to the Jiangshan desert, and the emotional tone became fresh and healthy, followed by Shen? During the Song Dynasty, a new form of metrical poetry was established. Finally, Chen Ziang ascended the mountain, denounced Qi Liang and advocated integrity, which opened up a healthy development path for Tang poetry. In a word, although the poetry of the early Tang Dynasty did not completely get rid of the glitz and charm of the Six Dynasties, the reality and ideological content of the poetry still need to be further improved, but it has revealed a new atmosphere.
The prosperous Tang Dynasty is the peak of Tang poetry. In just fifty-three years, more than a dozen great poets emerged, who devoted themselves to the chorus of the voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty in different styles. As one of Li Bai's "Antique" said: "All the heroes belong to Ming Xiu, and they jump on the scales with * * *. Wen Xiang soldiers Huan, the stars Luo Qiu? . "Li Bai and Du Fu are undoubtedly the two greatest singers in the poetry of the Tang Dynasty. However, a group of poets headed by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran and another group of poets headed by Gao Shi and Cen Can played different parts of the prosperous Tang Dynasty with beautiful notes or unrestrained notes. Generally speaking, most of this generation of poets have grand ideals and ambitions and vigorous feelings. Most of their poems are full of a positive youthful vitality, which is also praised by later generations as the voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai's poetry is a typical representative of the voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The "Anshi Rebellion" was the turning point of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and it was also the turning point of the whole feudal society in China from prosperity to decline. The great poet Du Fu truly and vividly reflected the great changes of this era in his poems. In the history of poetry, he is not only the end of the voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but also the pioneer of poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty. He plays a connecting role in the whole history of poetry in the Tang Dynasty and is also an outstanding great poet in the whole history of ancient poetry in China.
There were about 570 people in the middle Tang Dynasty, with the largest number of poems, about 1.9 million, and the largest number of poems, so it was high. Known as the "Renaissance in the Middle Tang Dynasty". Compared with the period of An Shi Rebellion, although the situation was relatively stable, the separatist regime of the vassal regions, the autocratic power of eunuchs, factional struggles and increasingly sharp class contradictions plunged the society into a serious and inevitable crisis. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the enthusiasm and ideal of positive romanticism ebbed, and the grim and cold reality forced the poet to tend to observe and think calmly, so poetry turned to the road of realism. The maturity and perfection of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty also posed a new challenge to the poets in the mid-Tang Dynasty in their innovative development of poetry art. Therefore, the poems in the mid-Tang Dynasty were innovative in content and art, and the creation of poets and schools was "like a dangerous peak, a deep stream and a spring, but they became interesting and did not follow each other" (Selected Poems of Hu Yinglin, Volume 4). There are roughly the following schools of poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty:
(1) led by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen, including Li Shen, Wang Jian and Zhang Ji, advocated the creation of a new Yuefu, demanding that "songs and poems should be combined, and articles should be written according to the times and events", exposing all kinds of social and political abuses in the middle Tang Dynasty, reflecting the disadvantages of the times and the diseases of the people, and only requiring simple and popular poetry forms. Naturally, their creation was produced at that time or even later.
(2) A group of poets, represented by Han Yu and Meng Jiao, set out from their strange and subjective creative ideas and devoted themselves to exploring new artistic forms of poetry, reflecting the darkness of society through their personal experiences. Besides, there are other poets in this school, such as Liu Che, Lu Tong, Ma Yi, Jia Dao and Li He, among which He Li is the most prominent.
(3) Before Han, Meng, Yuan and Bai, there were poets such as Liu Changqing, Wei and Dali, who expressed their interest in secluded life in the mountains with their attachment to the prosperous Tang Dynasty and their gloomy and cold mood.
(4) Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi and other "Yuanhe was relegated" poets, or expressed the anguish of relegation through foreign landscapes, or expressed their lament through historical sites. Liu's landscape poems are light and beautiful, solemn and exciting, while his epic is heroic and long.
Seventy years in the late Tang Dynasty is the late autumn season of Tang poetry, but it is not bleak. Generally speaking, realistic poetry continued to develop in the late Tang Dynasty because of the deterioration of the political situation and the poverty of people's lives. Li Shangyin and Du Mu are two outstanding poets in the late Tang Dynasty. Their poems have made outstanding achievements in both content and art, such as Xu Hun, Wen, Wei Zhuang, Si Kongtu and Han? Zheng Gu and other poets also have their own characteristics. Pi Rixiu, Du Xunhe, Nie and others inherited the tradition of the New Yuefu in the middle Tang Dynasty and made some achievements in reflecting the sufferings of people's livelihood. Because the situation in the late Tang Dynasty is like the sunset in the west wind, the literati feel powerless to return to heaven, so the theme of indifferent feelings and erotic thoughts is very popular in the poetry circles in the late Tang Dynasty. The theme of erotic thought is more fully expressed in the new art form of Ci. In the Five Dynasties, this form of ci developed rapidly, which laid the foundation for the prosperity of later Song ci.