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Wen, Yangtze River
As the old saying goes, the south is a nest and the north is earth. Huining, in the middle of Gansu Province, suffered from drought for ten years
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Wen, Yangtze River
As the old saying goes, the south is a nest and the north is earth. Huining, in the middle of Gansu Province, suffered from drought for ten years and nine years, with scarce vegetation and insufficient wood for building houses. In order to survive better, a unique flat kiln-adobe hoop kiln was born.
The material of adobe hoop kiln is adobe, and the adobe in Longzhong is called "Zi Zi". The first process of hoop kiln is punching holes, which is a low-skilled manual labor, and the tools used are not complicated, such as flat pestle, wooden mold, etc., which is also called "looping". Pay attention to the humidity and quality of soil when piling. Especially the humidity, if the humidity is not enough, it will not be strong. When you start playing, you need a flat and solid cement board as the foundation. When playing, the circle is placed on the concrete board. In addition, some wheat straw ash should be prepared. Before filling the circle, some plant ash should be sprinkled on the bottom of the slate and around the mold, just like applying oil to the steamer when steaming steamed bread to prevent the soil from sticking to the circle. After the soil is filled, step on it with your feet to make it into the shape of a fish's back, and finally ram it with a pestle. From the heavy thumping sound when the pestle collides with the soil, we can see the proficiency and skills of the masters in tamping the pestle. There is a saying called "three shovels, nine pestles and twenty-four bottoms", which means that it takes three shovels to beat a bamboo, twenty-four times to step on it, and nine pestles are formed, which shows the hard work of beating bamboo. It takes some time to put it away when it is finished, and it can only be used when it is finished. When I was a child, when my father was idle, he often brought money to others by the river and Hongbaozi to support his family. At that time, his father spent more than 30 yuan a day, and he spent 500 yuan every morning. He is so tired that his back aches and his arms ache, and he earns forty or fifty dollars a day. At that time, the families in Chuanjiang area of Huining were fairly well-off and the pace of infrastructure construction was accelerated. There are hoop kilns to build houses, and the average kiln needs thousands of dice. The great demand for dice has given birth to many people who make a living by smashing dice like their parents. They don't need to learn from their teachers. As long as they have the strength and are willing to endure hardships, you can make small money.
The second process of hoop kiln is to lay the kiln foundation, which Huining calls "kiln step", that is, an earth wall with a thickness of about one meter and a height of more than one meter is built on the foundation that needs hoop kiln, and the kiln is hoop on this earth wall called kiln step.
? ? With the coffin, you can lay the foundation of the kiln. The technical content of hoop kiln is higher than that of building a house, so you need to invite special craftsmen to construct it. The kiln is not supported by beams, rafters and columns. Just like a house, each rafter needs mutual support to be stable. The arch structure of the cave conforms to the mechanical principle, and the roof pressure is divided into two parts, with stable center of gravity, balanced component and strong stability.
"Mix mud" before hoop kiln. There are two kinds of mud. The kind made by mixing water and soil directly is called sweet mud. Adding straw and wheat coat to sweet mud makes sour mud. Acid pulp for building with high quality requirements. "Mud mixing" is very hard and exquisite. To be responsible for the operation, we must first pull a lot of soil and prepare a lot of wheat straw. Wheat straw should be cut into wheat straw about an inch long with a straw cutter. After mixing the soil and wheat straw evenly, add water and stir. Those who mix mud should wear long waist mud shoes, step on the soil and stir, and add water if the water is not enough. When the wheat straw is not enough, add the wheat straw. Until it is not thin or thick, even if it is like paste, it should be reconciled and reconciled. Turn it aside and step on it. For a large building like the hoop kiln, the whole village comes to help, and there is no salary. Take care of four meals a day. In good years, there is no shortage of food and water, and there will be many people engaged in construction. The kiln worker and the owner will discuss a timetable for gradual implementation, and there will be more buildings. Everyone knows what jobs those people are suitable for and what they like to do, and they will move.
Before hoop kiln, the back gable of kiln should be built first. How high the kiln is, how high the back gables are built. After the gables at the back are built, they will move forward along the gables layer by layer. Dozens of people are waiting on a Potter. The Potter held a shovel in one hand and a coffin in the other. When plastering the coffin, he stuck it on. Accurate, fast, crisp and neat. In the hands of potters, it's like having fun. What shape the coffin wants, a few trowels will succeed,no. That action is dazzling and magical. The cave is also slowly shaped with the wonderful "dance" action of the kiln worker. If you hurry, you can hoop the kiln in one day. Of course, the follow-up work after hooping the cave is still very complicated, but it is all done by the owners themselves, such as padding the roof of the cave, putting fine mud on it and installing doorframes ... it can't be completed in ten days and a half. It's very troublesome that the hoop kiln will be covered with a layer of mud every two or three years, otherwise it will collapse in rainy years. Cave, cave with narrow space, three tables side by side, can only accommodate one person. The mottled walls were exposed, and the potholes were poked by the students' scribing sticks. The blackboard is cemented in the middle of the top wall. Every once in a while, the class teacher will charge the students a dime to buy a bottle of ink and paint it again for writing. In front of the cave, an abandoned broken brush hung on half of the dead wood and knocked out the laughter on campus. ? There are no lights in the cave, and the windows are all made of plastic paper. When the wind blows, the fragments tremble, like a aggrieved and dissatisfied wife, crying about the bitterness and hardships in the cold kiln. The heating fee has been collected and the coal distributed to the classroom is sporadic. In the long winter, we can only curl up in the cave like Hao Han birds, with our necks shrinking into turtles and trembling with the constant sniffing. The cave accompanied me to the fifth grade and replaced it with a bright tile house.
The cave is not so tall in my memory, but the innocent years in the cave have brought me infinite fun. I only teach Chinese mathematics in primary school and have no classes in the afternoon. The students lined up in groups of three or five or one by one to study by themselves against the cave. After a few minutes of enthusiasm, they will also discuss some taboo and unpredictable topics, such as where people come from. Students are full of arguments, from mom's asshole door to dog manure pile. The answers are varied. I think the Monkey King jumped out of a crack in the stone, so we should jump out of a crack in the wood, and my classmates agree with this idea. Now I think that if we can extend this imagination at that time, we can conclude that people came from caves, which is not consistent with the residence of the ancients.
In recent years, under the correct leadership of governments at all levels, Longzhong's economy has developed rapidly. Most farmers built new houses with the support of hard work and national policies. The style of the house has changed year by year, becoming more spacious and bright, and the abandoned kiln is almost invisible. This is a good thing. However, in a few decades, it will be even harder to see the "hoop kiln" created by our ancestors.