/kloc-At the end of 0/8, the French Revolution shook Ireland, and one of its effects was the increase in armed activities against Britain. 1798 Shortly after the joint uprising of Catholics and Protestants, 1803 saw another uprising led by robert emmet. Literary expression is the popularity of political ballads, mocking the British colonial authorities with bitter words and praising the Irish in all periods from Woolf Tong to Emmett.
/kloc-at the beginning of the 9th century, maria edgeworth (1768 ~ 1849) wrote several novels, exposing the disaster brought to Irish farmers by "non-resident landlords" who were at large in other places. Her works describe the exotic scenery and rural life of the Celts, and strive to be close to the local ordinary people in language. Later, Scott wrote a historical novel about Scotland, which he claimed was influenced by her. Turgenev of Russia also admitted to drawing inspiration from her novels. Later, William Carlton (1794 ~ 1864) also wrote about rural life in a series of novels, with a wider picture, various types of characters in his works and a deeper description of farmers' sufferings. Carlton has never been to London, and he doesn't cherish the praise of the London literary world. Instead, Dublin is the desired cultural center and Irish readers are the writing objects. Later, the poet Ye Zhi called him "the greatest Irish novelist, because he has the most Celtic eyes that no storyteller has".
Thomas Moore (1779 ~ 1852) is an outstanding poet, and his masterpiece is Irish Music (1820). Moore is Byron's friend. He studied law in London, and most of his contacts were British. But in this book of poems, his theme is Ireland-her history, legends, monuments, scenery, heroes, and especially robert emmet, who was executed by the British authorities after the failure of the 1803 uprising. The rhythm of Moore's poetry also has Irish characteristics, that is, it does not adopt the traditional pentameter rhythm in English poetry, but adopts a slow and procrastinating tone, which was later adopted by many Irish poets, including the early Ye Zhi.
/kloc-A series of important events happened in the second half of the 9th century: the great famine from 1846 to 1848, the armed uprising in 1848, and another failed uprising in 1867. Ireland has entered a new period of political struggle. At the same time, he was more interested in Irish mythology, history, customs and language, and did more research, which was manifested in the establishment of the Gaelic Society in 1893. By the end of the century, there was a far-reaching Irish Renaissance.
The most remarkable achievement of the Renaissance is a dramatic breakthrough. 19 In the 1990s, two Irish people-Bernard Shaw and Wilde-ruled the London Theatre. Bernard Shaw's brilliant realistic plays (1856 ~ 1950) are important contributions to the world drama, while Wilde's "Seriously Important" (1895) is still the box office. In Ireland, an important development is the establishment of 1904 monastery theatre. Mrs Gregory (1852 ~ 1932) and Ye Zhi (1865 ~ 1939) have made great efforts to this end. They also write and perform their own plays, and are committed to finding new Irish talents. Finally, they successfully discovered two great playwrights, namely Singh (187 1 ~ 1909) and O 'Casey (1880 ~ 1964). Abbey Theatre advocates a new kind of drama, which is different from the vulgar social comedy common in London Commercial Theatre. This paper mainly discusses Irish themes, but strives to be bright, simple and noble in dramatic language. Ye Zhi looked for such a language in his poems, O 'Casey looked for it in the slums of Dublin, and Singh looked for it in the countryside, thanks to the conversations of women in the kitchen. Former Irish playwrights, such as congreve and Sheridan, all used English spoken by the upper class in London, without much Irish color. Although these playwrights in Abby Theatre write in English, they all embody Irish characteristics in wording, metaphor and even sentence structure. In other words, the local traditions (including Gaelic) have a profound influence on English writing in Ireland, especially since the second half of the 9th century.
Singer's representative works include Riding to the Sea (1904) and Playboy of westworld (1907). He used simple but refined rural dialect to describe the life of ordinary Irish people full of tragicomedy. Because he truly reflects the Irish character, his plays hurt the self-esteem of some audiences. However, it is his sense of reality, his poetry and imagination that endow his works with permanent value, and some people still call him the greatest dramatist in Ireland. O 'Casey is a worker who has done all kinds of manual labor. He wrote contemporary events such as uprising and street fighting in the poor lane dialect of Dublin, and created many real and vivid characters in Juno and Peacock (1924) and Plow and Star (1926). Singer died early, but after his initial success, O 'Casey went through the middle stage of experimental expressionism and entered the later stage of high yield. In addition to the script, he also wrote six volumes of autobiography, which recorded the life of a worker writer who believed in productism with novel forms and sharp writing.
The central figure of the Renaissance is Ye Zhi. His drama Catherine in the Story of Huli (1902), full of nationalist passion, was a success on the stage. Later, he tried poetic drama and Japanese classical drama, but his main contribution was poetry. He experienced the development from romanticism and aestheticism at the end of 19 to modernism in the 20th century. He wrote good poems in every period, and his best works were written after he participated in the Irish national liberation movement. It was this movement, especially the heroic uprising of Easter in 19 16, that made him feel that "everything has changed, completely changed and produced amazing beauty". In his later years, he still wrote excellent works, absorbed some advantages of modernism, got rid of its triviality and was more profound than in his early years. Although there are mysticism and aristocratic elements in his thoughts, he is still one of the most accomplished poets in the western world in the 20th century.
In terms of novels, George Moore (1852 ~ 1933), famous for his naturalistic novel Esther Waters (1894), was also an active figure in the Renaissance. But James Joyce (1882 ~ 194 1) really pushed the novel art forward. He used to be an expert in realism, and the collection of short stories Dubliners (19 14) showed his exquisite realistic art. When he came to write the novel Ulysses (1922), he successfully applied the new technique of "stream of consciousness" to Dublin within 24 hours.
The people's struggle achieved results, and Ireland became a free state on 192 1. 1937, adopted a new constitution and declared itself an "independent, democratic and sovereign country". Since independence, English literature has continued to develop. Most of the major works of Ye Zhi, O 'Casey and Joyce were published after independence. Drama is still thriving. The old lady said, "No!" The author Dennis Janston (190 1 ~) expresses some people's disillusionment with the political situation after independence, while his Moon on the Yellow River explores the contradiction between cultural tradition and technological progress. Samuel beckett (1906 ~) and Brandon Beahan (1923 ~ 1964) appeared again in the 1950s. Bihan introduced a new theme. For example, his drama Weirdo (1954) looks at prison life through the eyes of prisoners. Beckett's Waiting for Godot (French version, 1952) has turned a new page in the history of western drama, not only because he wrote the "absurd drama" that shows the absurdity of life, but also because he has the talent to make this kind of drama succeed on the stage without the usual interesting plot or even little dialogue.
Beckett is also an unusual novelist. As far as novels are concerned, Ireland after independence is also famous, especially in the field of short stories, which seem simple but difficult to write well. Liam O 'Flair, Frank O 'Connor and Sean O'Flynn are all experts in this field. In addition, female writers Mary Lavin and Elizabeth Bowen also left outstanding works. Their joint efforts make Irish short stories as famous as France, Russia and the United States, and become one of the most successful representatives of this literary form. Most of these writers also write novels, and many of them are excellent. Among them, there are many rising stars, such as Etna O 'Brien, John mckean, Kevin Casey and others, who have made new achievements in themes and techniques.
In poetry, after Ye Zhi made great achievements, there are still many singers. Austin Clark (1896 ~ 1974) in the 1920s and 1930s, Patrick Keffner (1904 ~ 1967) in the 1940s, and Louis macneice (1907) who wrote mainly in Britain. Among them, The Great Hunger by Koffner (1942) and Nightcrawler by kinsella (1968) were all the rage. Kinsella's translation of the ancient Irish epic The Long March of Cattle is also a great achievement. Since the 1960s, a young poet, Sims Heaney (1939 ~), has risen in Northern Ireland. But instead of writing about cities and industrial society, he wrote about ordinary rural scenery and strong laborers in a distinctive and unconventional simple language, and his poems returned to eternal Ireland.
In China, the Irish Renaissance attracted people's attention. In the 1920s, Lu Xun translated an article about Irish literature from Japanese (Volume II, No.2, Running), Guo Moruo translated six plays by Singer (including players from the Western Regions, namely, Playboy from the Western Regions and Riding into the Sea), and Mao Dun wrote the paper "The Return of Modern Literature: Irish New Literature" (published in Oriental Magazine), the three masters of China's new literature. Mrs Gregory's one-act play Moonrise (1907) has not only become an amateur performance program for English students in China, but has also been adapted into China's play Three Rivers Good for many times, which has played an inspiring role in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of China. O 'Casey's famous drama Juno and Peacock was also adapted by Sharla Cheung into a drama "Drunk Life and Dream Death", which was staged in Shanghai in 1930s and was a success.
After liberation, O 'Casey's drama Stars Turn Red and his autobiography, Volume 1 I Knock at the Door (1939) and Volume 4, Ennis Fallon, Goodbye! (1949), Ye Zhi's play Land of Desire and some of the most important poems have been translated into Chinese. Researchers in China reviewed O 'Casey's six autobiographies, calling them "first-rate biographical literature". Another article discusses Ye Zhi's poems and Joyce's novels. All these indicate that China readers' understanding of Irish literature is gradually expanding.