1. Phonetic alphabet is pinyin. As far as Chinese is concerned, one syllable is usually recorded by one Chinese character. Pinyin is generally composed of initials, finals and tones. The birth mother can't form syllables alone, but the vowel can. A syllable composed of vowels is called "zero initial". Tone has the function of distinguishing word meanings. There are four tones in Mandarin, which are: level tone (the first tone), level tone (the second tone), rising tone (the third tone) and falling tone (the fourth tone). 2. Speaking is not to emit phonemes or syllables in isolation, but to emit many phonemes or syllables continuously. In this process, phonemes or syllables interact with each other, resulting in phonetic changes. This phenomenon is called sound change. The phenomenon of tone change mainly includes light tone, tone sandhi, tone sandhi of the modal particle "ah" and Er Hua. (1) softly, and become a short and weak voice? Tone, this tone is light tone. The following are some rules for changing the tone: Auxiliary words such as "de, di, de", "zhe, le, Guo" and "ba, mo, ni, ah". For example: yours, sleeping, walking, ok, thinking. ? Noun suffixes "Zi, Er, Tou", etc. For example: chairs, here, bricks. ? Positional words or morphemes "up, down, inside, edge, face" and so on. For example: in the morning, underground, indoors, outside and in front. ? Directional verbs "come, go, come out, go in, come down, get up" and so on. For example, send, go out, walk out, walk in, fall down and stand up. ? Some quantifiers. Like "five"? The second syllable after reduplicated nouns and verbs. For example: grandpa, uncle, look, write. ? Personal pronoun as object. Invite him, call you, call me. ? In addition, the second syllable of some disyllabic words commonly used in spoken English should be read softly.
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② Tone sandhi: There are four tone values when the syllables of Mandarin are read singly, and the basic tone value of each syllable is called this tone. When syllables and syllables are read together, this tone will change because of their mutual influence. This change is called tone sandhi. For example, to be honest, change it to "l m: o l ā o sh: sh:"
③ Erhua: Erhua refers to a special sound change phenomenon in a syllable in which the vowel has a curly color, and this curly vowel is called "Erhua rhyme". It has the functions of distinguishing the meaning of words (head: head-head: leading), distinguishing the part of speech (painting: verb-painting: noun) and expressing the emotional color (little ball and little Wang Er: expressing kindness and affection).
④ The tone change of the modal particle "ah" depends on the final phoneme of the syllable before "ah". ? When the final phoneme of the syllable before "ah" is the vowel aoei on the third page of the tongue, the sound of "ah" becomes ya (ya). Such as: draw/strive for/pay attention to. Other "ah" sound changes all take the final phoneme of the syllable before "ah" as the rhyme or initial of "ah" and pronounce it into sounds. Such as: u-wa (read wow) n—na (look). Pronunciation recognition:
1. Do a good job of "two sets" ① Remember less and push more. For example, read A in Aiduo numbers and Y in self-pity; Read ní in most words of mud, and nì in formality and mud; Read pǔ in most of Park's words, pō in ju, and piáo when you are a surname. ② Remember the differences and discard the similarities, for example: read zú by yourself, use it to pronounce the words beside the sound, read cù suddenly, read Cuù in the process of writing, extracting, spitting, straining, cuiù, and reading suì； in pieces; Another example is: really read zhēn, use it to pronounce the words beside the sound, really read zhèn, really read zhěn, carefully read sh
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en, fill in, read tián, jump and read diān in Yunnan. Generally speaking, the initial or vowel can be inferred from the pronunciation beside the sound, especially the flat tongue, the tongue (Z, C, S, zh, ch, sh) and the vowel of the front nasal sound and the vowel of the back nasal sound (in, en, ing, eng). As some dialect areas of Gushi dialect, we should overcome "F, H?" ? The phenomenon.
2. Context confirmation uses the shape, meaning and part of speech to determine pronunciation. For example, there are two pronunciations of lane: ① reading xiàng, which is a narrow street, a noun; (2) read hàng, although also a noun, but refers to the tunnel, specifically refers to mining, prospecting. According to this, we can know that street reading ①, street fighting reading ①, Wuyi Lane reading ① and roadway reading ②. The number also has two pronunciations: ① pronounce háo, a verb; (2) read hao, a noun, also used as a verb, with only two meanings, namely, marking the trademark and pulse. Therefore, "howl" reads ①, "so-called" reads ② (declared with a certain name
on page 5), "call" reads ② (call like a bugle), and "bugle" reads ②; "Call" to read ①. Familiar with common mistakes:
1. Misreading of pictophonetic characters: With the development of Chinese characters, the initials, finals and tones of many pictophonetic characters have changed. For example, bold Chinese characters in indomitable (náo), mechanical (xiè), peer (chái), hurricane and rain (zhì) and indomitable spirit (hù) are easy to confuse candidates and cause misunderstanding.
2. Misreading of similar characters: Many Chinese characters with similar glyphs but different pronunciations are also prone to mispronouncing. For example, in flattery (ch ǐ n), trap (xiàn) and pie (xiàn), flattery is easily misunderstood by the pronunciation of the last two bold Chinese characters. Another example is: sudden death (cù), quenching (cuì), essence (cuì)
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, gathering (cuì), which is easily misunderstood by the pronunciation of the last three bold Chinese characters.
3. Misreading of polyphonic words:
There are two kinds of polyphonic words, one is polyphonic words formed by polysemy, and the other is synonymous polyphonic words. It is difficult to distinguish the former from the latter. For example, it is difficult for candidates to distinguish between "huò", "huó" and "Huó", which all mean adding liquid to stir. And in peace (hé) and echo (hè), the pronunciation of "He" is quite different because of the great difference in meaning. The latter candidates are often more likely to misread. For example, (monosyllabic words) are different from those when they are used to form compound words; Bloody (xiě) and blood feud (xùn), beautiful girl (liàng) and beautiful makeup (jìng) have different pronunciations because of spoken and written language.
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