Thorne
[Prose; Essay]
Prose that does not pay attention to rhythm.
Prose refers to a literary genre called poetry, novel and drama, including prose, essays and travel notes.
Prose in the new period, like a swallow announcing the arrival of spring, first flies into people's hearts with the breath of the times. After the reform and opening up, the boiling life of the whole society is first reflected in prose. In addition, essays that reflect all aspects of life, such as reviewing personal experiences and feelings and revealing life philosophy, also re-smile and shine brilliantly. Excellent works include Ding Ling's Sketch of the Cowshed, which describes her husband's life in the cowshed. 2 "Narcissus" recalls the noble character of female professors; 3 Zhang Kangkang's Thoughts on Underground Forests; 4 Hua Guan and Ding Ning's "Determined to win"; 5 "Bamboo and Fairy Flowers" and so on.
Travel prose is becoming more and more prosperous, and most of them inherit the traditional way of sending feelings to the scenery in classical prose, pinning their feelings on a mountain and a river. Among them, the works with international themes are unique, such as Ding Ling's My View of America, Xiao Gan's Journey to America, Wang Meng's Journey to Germany and America, Under the Leaning Tower, Liu's Clear Seine and Old Country.
At the turn of the century and after the new century, prose also presents a trend of diversification and multipolarization. Yu,,,, Zhou Tao's great cultural prose began to reflect on the times and culture. For the country, for the thought.
Young essayists inherited the prose creation style of the older generation. Liu Weidong's historical prose and Han Han's travel prose have their own characteristics. [Edit this paragraph] (2) Overview of ancient and modern prose
1. Ancient prose: In ancient China, in order to distinguish it from rhymes and parallel prose, all prose articles, including classics, biographies and history books, were called prose.
The development of China's ancient prose;
(1) Pre-Qin Prose: Including the Prose of Various Scholars and Historical Prose. Hundred schools of thought's essays are mainly expositions, such as The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Zhuangzi. Historical prose mainly focuses on historical themes, and all articles and books describing historical events and historical figures are historical prose, such as Zuo Zhuan.
(2) Prose in the Han Dynasty: Sima Qian's Historical Records in the Western Han Dynasty pushed biographical prose to an unprecedented peak. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, individual prose forms such as books, notes, inscriptions, essays and prefaces began to appear. Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong, Ban Gu and Zhang Heng, the four masters of Han Fu, were praised by later generations as the four masters of Han Fu. In addition, Sima Xiangru, Meicheng, Chiayi and Huainan Mountain.
Prose in Tang and Song Dynasties: Under the impetus of the ancient prose movement, prose writing became increasingly complex, and literary prose appeared, resulting in many excellent works such as landscape travel notes, fables, biographies and essays. And the famous "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties" also emerged at this time.
(3) Prose in the Ming Dynasty: First, there were "Seven Scholars", mainly imitating ancient times. Later, in the Tang and Song Dynasties, all works were advocated to flow from the chest, the most famous of which was Gui Youguang.
Qing dynasty prose: represented by Tongcheng school, Qing dynasty prose pays attention to the embodiment of "righteousness" Yao Nai, a representative writer of Tongcheng School, summed up the style of ancient Chinese prose and classified it into 13 categories, including argumentative essays, prefaces and postscripts, recitation, calligraphy, preface, imperial edict, biography, epitaph, miscellaneous words, ode, ci fu and mourning.
2. Modern prose: refers to the literary style on an equal footing with poetry, novels and dramas. It is characterized by expressing the author's views and feelings through the description of some fragments or life events in real life, revealing its social significance, and can be processed and created on the basis of real people and things; It doesn't necessarily have complete stories and characters, but focuses on expressing the author's feelings about life, with flexible selection of materials and strong lyricism. The "I" in prose is usually the author himself; Language is not limited by rhythm, and its forms of expression are diverse. It can be combined with narration, discussion, lyricism and description, or it can be emphasized. According to the needs of content and theme, we can create a certain artistic conception by describing typical details in life, describing images, depicting psychology, rendering the environment and setting off the atmosphere. Such as in novels, and use artistic techniques, such as symbols in poetry. Prose has many forms, such as essays, short comments, sketches, close-ups, travel notes, newsletters, letters, diaries, memoirs and so on. In a word, prose is short in length, free in form, widely used, flexible in writing and beautiful in language, which can quickly reflect life and is deeply loved by people. [Edit this paragraph] (3) Classification of Prose
The definition of modern prose refers to a literary genre that is juxtaposed with novels, poems and plays, and has broad and narrow understandings.
Prose in a broad sense refers to all literary prose except poetry, novels and dramas. In addition to discussing lyric prose, it also includes communication, reportage, essays, memoirs, biographies and other styles. With the development of writing discipline, many styles stand on their own feet, and the scope of prose is shrinking day by day.
Prose in a narrow sense refers to literary prose, which is a kind of literary style mainly based on narration or lyric, with extensive materials, flexible brushwork, short length and rich love for literature.
According to the content and nature of prose, it can be divided into the following categories:
(1) Narrative Prose: Prose focusing on writing characters' notes. This kind of prose gives a concrete and outstanding description and portrayal of people and things, expresses the author's understanding and feelings at the same time, and also has a strong lyrical component, with full feelings between the lines. Narrative prose focuses on reflecting the essence of things from the development and changes of narrative characters and events, with factors such as time, place, characters and events, selecting themes from one angle and expressing the author's thoughts and feelings. For example, Mr Fujino by Lu Xun, Remember a Spinning Wheel by Wu Boxiao, and Remember Mother by Zhu De. According to the different emphases of this kind of prose, it can be divided into note prose and writer prose.
Notes-based prose takes the development of events as a clue and emphasizes the narrative nature of events. It can be a story with a beginning and an end, such as "Peanut" by Xu Dishan, or it can be several fragments, such as "From Baicaoyuan to Santan Yinyue" by Lu Xun. The author's sincere feelings are poured into the narrative, which is the most remarkable difference from the novel narrative.
People-oriented prose, the whole article is people-centered. It often grasps the character characteristics of the characters, makes a rough outline, and emphasizes the basic temperament, personality and mental outlook of the characters, such as Mr. Fujino in Lu Xun's works. Whether the characters are real or not is the difference between them and novels.
(2) Lyrical Prose: Prose mainly expressing the author's thoughts and feelings. This kind of prose narrates and describes specific things, but usually it doesn't run through the whole story. Its outstanding feature is strong lyricism. It is either straightforward or touching, full of poetry and painting, even if it describes natural scenery, it also gives profound social content and thoughts and feelings. Excellent lyric prose has sincere feelings and vivid language, and often uses symbols and analogies to visualize ideas, which has strong artistic appeal. For example, Mao Dun's Praise of Poplar, Wei Wei's Sincere Farewell, Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond and Bing Xin's Praise of Cherry Blossoms.
(3) Scenery Prose: Prose mainly describing scenery. Most of these articles express their feelings while describing the scenery, or express their feelings through the scenery, or indulge in the scenery, grasp the characteristics of the scenery, use the method of changing the scenery in the order of spatial transformation, and take the observed changes as the context of the full text. Vivid scenery description can not only explain the background and render the atmosphere, but also set off the thoughts and feelings of the characters and better express the theme. For example, Liu's Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.
(4) Philosophical Prose: Philosophy is insight, spark of thought, condensation of thought and crystallization of wisdom. It runs through ancient and modern times, across China and foreign countries, embraces the world, penetrates the society of life, stays in the parents of life and flashes in the field of thinking. Smart authors are good at grasping the flash of philosophy and writing rich and thought-provoking beautiful articles in the form of pen and ink. Reciting such beautiful prose often can naturally be enlightened, edified, baptized and sublimated in a subtle way. This internalization is undoubtedly great. Philosophical prose participates in the truth of life with various images, thus revealing the eternal similarity between all things. Because of its profundity and spiritual penetration, it gives us a shocking aesthetic effect of penetrating into the essence through phenomena and revealing the inside story and thoughts of things. Grasp the way of thinking embodied in philosophical prose and experience the profound cultural connotation and accumulation contained in philosophical prose. 1. Symbolic thinking in philosophical prose: Philosophical prose constitutes a symbolic expression of ontology, because it transcends the meaning of daily experience and its own natural physical attributes. It abandons shallowness, but reaches the state of empathy with people's thoughts and resonance with life and gas field. We get rational awakening and carefree spirit from symbols, from the peace of mind to the tremor of the soul, which goes beyond the general emotional response and stays at the top of the spirit. 2. Associative thinking of philosophical prose: Because philosophical prose is a three-dimensional and comprehensive thinking system, after association, the connotation of the article is richer, not thin, and nature, society and life are integrated. 3. Emotional thinking of philosophical prose: Philosophical prose is essentially a dependence of ideological expression on emotion. Because the author has emotional participation in the process of understanding life, and the result of understanding is the fusion of emotion and imagination, the thoughts in philosophical prose are not ordinary dry discussions, but thoughts containing life emotions and full of aesthetic emotional juice. Read the depth of the soul from between the lines of philosophical prose and understand the original meaning of life. This is the artistic beauty of philosophical prose. [Edit this paragraph] (4) The main features of prose
1. The shape is scattered but the spirit is not scattered.
"Form and dispersion" mainly means that prose is widely used and free, and is not limited by time and space; Expression techniques are not limited to one pattern: it can describe the development of events, describe characters, convey feelings with things, and make comments. The author can freely adjust and change according to the needs of the content. "Distraction" mainly comes from the intention of prose, that is, the theme to be expressed in prose must be clear and concentrated, no matter how extensive the content of prose is and how flexible the expression is, it serves to better express the theme.
In order to be scattered in shape but not in spirit, we should pay attention to the internal relationship between materials and central ideas in material selection, so that materials can run through an organic whole with certain clues in structure. Common clues in prose are: (1) taking things with profound or symbolic significance as clues; ⑵ Taking the "I" in the works as a clue and "I" as a clue, because I wrote what I saw, heard, thought and felt, and Kan Kan and Kan Kan talked freely, making readers feel more real, cordial and touching.
2. Deep artistic conception, paying attention to expressing the author's life feelings, strong lyricism and sincere emotion.
With the help of imagination and association, the author writes from the superficial to the deep, from the real to the imaginary, in turn, which can integrate feelings into the scenery, send feelings to help each other, express the author's true feelings, realize the unity of things and me, show more profound thoughts and make readers understand more profound truths.
3. Beautiful and concise language, rich in literary talent.
The so-called elegance means that the language of prose is fresh, bright and beautiful (also beautiful), lively and full of musical sense, and the writing style is like a trickle, tinkling, telling, sincere and sincere. The so-called conciseness means that the language of prose is concise, natural and fluent. A few words can describe vivid images, outline the scenes of characters and show far-reaching artistic conception. Prose tries to write the scenery as if it were in front of you and the feelings as refreshing.
Prose is known as "beautiful prose", which not only has spiritual views and beautiful artistic conception, but also has fresh, meaningful and unpretentious literary talent. Reading some good essays regularly can not only enrich knowledge, broaden horizons and cultivate noble thoughts and sentiments, but also learn the skills of selecting materials, planning layout, choosing words and making sentences, and improve your language expression ability. [Edit this paragraph] (5) Appreciation skills of prose
Prose appreciation focuses on the relationship between "form" and "spirit". Prose appreciation should pay attention to the following points:
1. Read prose from the perspective of literature.
All poems that are exquisitely conceived, full of artistic conception or implicitly written often have an "eye". When appreciating prose, we should try our best to find a "literary eye" that can reveal the overall theme and make the finishing point, so as to understand the reasons and purposes of the author's writing. The setting of Yan Wen varies from text to text, which can be a sentence, a sentence, a detail, a trace of emotion or even a scene. Not every essay has the necessary "literary vision".
2. When reading prose, we should grasp the clues, clarify the author's ideas and accurately grasp the intention of the article.
Structure is the skeleton of the article, and clues are the context of the article, which are closely related. Grasping the clues in prose can help us have a clear idea of the work, which is not only helpful to understand the author's writing intention, but also an appreciation of the author's planning and layout skills, so as to grasp the vivid essence of prose through the appearance of prose, and analyze the intention of the article along the author's thinking. There are usually the following clues: (1) Take the image of things as a clue, such as Ba Jin's Lamp; (2) Taking emotional development as a clue, such as Yang Shuo's "Litchi Honey"; (3) Taking time sequence as a clue, such as Liu's Three Diaries of the Yangtze River; (4) Taking spatial order as a clue, such as Zhu Ziqing's green; 5] Take the activities of characters as clues, such as Lu Xun's "From Baicaoyuan to San Tan Yin Yue"; (6) Take things as clues, such as Tang Tao's "trivial memories".
3. Pay attention to the characteristics of prose expression and deeply understand the content of the article.
Prose often entrusts with things. In order to make readers feel the rich connotation of the important task entrusted to them, the author often gives a meticulous description of what he has written, which is called "getting the shape and getting the heart". When reading an article, we should grasp the characteristics of "form", see "spirit" from "form" and deeply understand the content of the article.
4. Pay attention to expand association and understand the charm of the article.
The ways of association are: ① series connection: for example, Orion, Shang Shu → Zhong Bai old man → Dong Kun; (2) radiant: for example, Land focuses on "land" and writes "Love life, defend land and build land"; 3 False support: such as Praise of Poplar; 4 picture type: such as "landscape talk". Pay attention to enrich associations, from this to that, from the shallow to the deep, from the real to the virtual, so as to understand the charm of the article and understand the deeper truth.
5. Taste the language of prose.
A major feature is the beauty of language. Good prose language is concise and beautiful, free and flexible, close to spoken English. Beautiful prose is full of philosophy, poetry and painting. Excellent essayists have different language styles: Lu Xun's prose language is concise and profound, Mao Dun's prose language is exquisite and profound, Guo Moruo's prose language is magnificent, Ba Jin's prose language is simple and beautiful, Zhu Ziqing's prose language is fresh and meaningful, Bing Xin's prose language is euphemistic and lively, Sun Li's prose language is plain and unpretentious, Liu's prose language is bold and unrestrained, and Yang Shuo's prose language is exquisite. What is the elegance of prose language? The language of some essays often varies with the content. For example, Lu Xun's "In Memory of Liu Hezhen Jun" is as sharp as a dagger; The language of "Good Story" is gorgeous as a cloud; The language of kites is as dignified as a deep pool. If you appreciate the language style of prose, you can appreciate the content of prose more deeply. Understanding emotional skills
6. Understanding emotional skills
Understanding emotional skills is to find out the writing skills of lyric prose, which is also the "expression skills of appreciating works" required by the college entrance examination. Therefore, mastering the skills of rendering, bedding, symbolism, bedding, caring, suspense, setting off and transition is conducive to appreciating prose and grasping the essence of American literature. [Edit this paragraph] (6) Problems needing attention in prose appreciation
1, start with the whole and sort out the context of the article. Rich materials and flexible thinking are one of the main characteristics of prose. When reading, we must focus on the whole article, pay attention to the internal relations, control the article from a macro perspective, observe the author's meaning, and pour into it. For example, The Great Wall (2000) begins with the late autumn scenery, introduces the review and reflection of history, and then returns to reality from history, deepening the theme in the contrast between history and reality, which is implicit and profound. On the basis of this overall reading, answer the question again, and you will be able to see the fire and feel comfortable.
2. Understand the background and see through the creative process. The work is the reflection of society, and the content is the product of the background. The creation of many essays is often influenced by the environment. Therefore, understanding the relevant background of the article is a key to reading and appreciating prose. When reading Animals, People and Ghosts (Spring 2000), you must carefully read your notes and analyze the background materials. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the people in the Kuomintang-controlled areas launched an anti-civil war movement, but the Kuomintang authorities acted unjustly and created the notorious "December 1" tragedy. Mr. Wen Yiduo was very sad and indignant and insisted on supporting the patriotic movement of students. He was extremely dissatisfied with the practice of individual professors who were timid and saved themselves, so he wrote this article. Looking through the creative process, understanding the author's creative intention and thoughts and feelings, and then comparing with the original text, it is not difficult to find the answers to the questions in the test paper.
3, with the help of imagination, observe the author's mood. Prose belongs to literature. When reading prose, we must give full play to association and imagination, combine personal life experience, and have a strong voice and the author's emotion. When reading "The Great Wall", if we can think of Yu's comments on the Great Wall in Dujiangyan, imagine that the Great Wall is full of wolves and smoke, and imagine the process of humiliation of the Chinese nation, it is not difficult to touch the author's sincere and boiling heart that he hopes the Chinese nation will get out of isolation and backwardness and become rich and strong.
4, find the right technique and find a breakthrough. Expressing ambition by things is one of the main methods commonly used in prose, and prose expressing ambition by things has also appeared in college entrance examination questions many times. Bao Qiu (1998), for example, is a rigorous prose that pays equal attention to emotion and literature, and contains the philosophy of life. Through the carrier of Hosta, the author reminds people to cherish time more, seize the present, seize every moment of life, make a difference, and don't waste time. This is the "Hosta Flower Spirit". Grasping this "spirit" is equivalent to finding a breakthrough in reading.
5, clear skills, improve the efficiency of answering questions. Reading prose and mastering some commonly used rhetorical devices and expression skills can improve reading efficiency and correct answer rate. Common ones are: ① metaphor. For example, what is the meaning of "beast" and "ghost" (beast, man, ghost); 2 contrast. For example, in "Holding the Ball", the vitality of Hosta Hosta is set off by sun flowers; 3 contrast. For example, "dog tail grass", "lantern grass" and "cucumber hanging in the air" in Green Vegetables (1993) are in sharp contrast to "simple and calm green vegetables that rely on the earth closely"; 4 symbols. For example, the "door" in the door (2001); ⑤ parallelism. For example, "autumn, winter, four seasons, and life" ("Reporting Autumn") is spread out layer by layer and gradually expanded, which plays a strengthening role in indicating the main idea; 6 change people. Use "I" to enhance the authenticity of the article, use "you" to facilitate lyric and dialogue, and narrow the distance with readers. Using "it" or "she" just writes the feelings of different people.
6. Look forward and backward and analyze the relationship between sentences. When reading prose, read before and after, and pay attention to the connection between sentences and paragraphs. For example, Talking about bosom friends (2002), why do you say that "the legend of bosom friends has become a part of China's traditional culture"? To answer this question, we must first clarify the relationship between the first four paragraphs. The first paragraph is about people's longing for bosom friends since the legend of bosom friends came into being. The second, third and fourth paragraphs describe the legend of bosom friends in ancient books. Combine these two parts to answer the above questions. Neither is the complete answer.
Finally, it should be pointed out that reading prose should also pay attention to stylistic features. Narrative prose emphasizes seeing the big from the small, and the relationship between form and god is the focus; Landscape prose pays attention to the blending of scenes, and the combination of scenes is the key; The prose of chanting poems expresses one's ambition by expressing things, and appreciates symbolism as much as possible. But one thing is more important, that is, to read and appreciate prose, we should use our own "heart" to discover the "heart of prose" and use our own life experience and wisdom to interpret the "song played by the author's heart". [Edit this paragraph] (7) Writing skills of prose
First of all, we should clarify the concept of prose writing, that is, the only content and object of prose is the author's emotional experience. With the internal structure of prose-emotional experience, as long as the core of external structure is clear, a good prose can be written. The core of external structure is detail. Prose, like novels, is based on the description and narration of details, but the arrangement and combination of details are different. It can be said that the combination details of the novel are "holding pearls with plates" and the prose is "threading pearls with threads". The "disk" of the novel is a cross-section of a society, and there are conflicts. People of all classes and powers are either hidden or obvious, but the details can only be organically developed in such a "disk". The "line" of prose is more or less an emotional experience, which is within reach and allows your feelings to flow freely-subject to the performance of emotional experience. From this, we say that prose (should be called artistic prose) is the freest style, loose as water and flexible in technique.
As long as you understand these, write your true self, personal oral experience and detailed description, and you will master the essentials of prose writing. You don't have to be too cautious to study common sense such as literary style (such as literary eye) and artistic conception, and other theoretical knowledge of style and basic theory of writing will be mentioned.
Prose is mainly divided into narrative prose and lyric prose (still according to the traditional unclear statement). Here are two sample essays for beginners and highly educated candidates to choose from.
Narrative prose mode
At the beginning, emotional language summarizes "I" and people, focusing on the latter, introducing people, such as portrait description. (2) The relationship between them and the discussion of people's spiritual characteristics.
Intermediate situation: one thing. Detailed description and explanation from the beginning, development to the end. Another situation: several things. Everything, that is, before every level, can start with a factor of this person's spiritual characteristics, and run through several things with his emotional experience and overall discussion.
The end 1) reiterates the characteristics and takes care of the beginning. (2) deepen the emotional relationship and send out feelings.
Lyric prose mode
At first, I described my relationship with the scenery. (2) Talk about the scenery and yourself.
Describe the scenery in the middle, hierarchical, detailed and moving. 2 play Lenovo.
the sense of an ending