As early as the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, China's poems had produced a large number of brilliant chapters.
Its symbol is the appearance of China's first collection of poems, The Book of Songs.
There are 305 poems in The Book of Songs, which are divided into three parts: wind, elegance and ode, all of which can be sung by music.
Most of the chapters in The Book of Songs have a distinct sense of the times and people's nature. They make good use of fu, bi and xing. The sentence pattern is mainly composed of four words, and the sentences are repeated in many chapters, which laid a profound humanistic foundation and artistic foundation for later literary creation.
At the end of the Warring States Period, a new poetic style-Chu Ci-was formed in the southern State of Chu.
The sentence patterns of Chu Ci vary in length, with six words and seven words as the main ones, and the word "Xi" is often used.
Qu Yuan, the founder and main author of Chu Ci, created immortal poems such as Li Sao, Nine Songs and Nine Chapters in this way, becoming the first great poet in the history of China literature.
Li Sao, his masterpiece, is the most magnificent lyric poem in the history of China ancient literature.
Qu Yuan was followed by Song Yu, Le Tang, Jing Ke and other Chu Ci writers. The appearance of Chu Ci marks the higher stage of China's poetry from the folk collective singing and development to the poet's independent creation.
The Book of Songs and Songs of the South are the two sources of poetry development in later generations, and they are also called "coquettish" in literary history. * * * * jointly created the excellent tradition of the harmonious development of realism and romanticism in China's ancient poems, and set an example for future generations.
In the early Han Dynasty, literati poetry was relatively lonely, and folk Yuefu was quite active.
"Yuefu" originally refers to national music institutions, and later generations also refer to the songs collected and edited by Yuefu that can be performed by music as "Yuefu". Folk songs of Han Yuefu are the essence of Han Yuefu. The folk songs of Han Yuefu inherited the realistic tradition of the folk songs in The Book of Songs, that is, "Hungry people sing about their food, and laborers sing about their things", which is easy to understand, has a long narrative and is full of life flavor. The sentence pattern is mainly composed of five words, which reflects the new development of poetry art.
"Shang Mo Sang" and "Peacock Flying Southeast" are masterpieces of folk songs in Han Yuefu, as well as representative works of narrative poems. Peacock Flying Southeast is the first narrative poem with a high degree of ideological and artistic unity in the history of China's poetry. 353 sentences, with the word 1765, are called "the saint of long poems" and "the first long poem in ancient and modern times".
Under the influence of Han Yuefu, literati's five-character poems gradually developed and matured, marked by Nineteen Ancient Poems, which appeared in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. This is a group of lyric short poems written by poor literati. They are sentimental, short and affectionate, euphemistic and implicit, concise and concise, and are known as "in a word, the crown of five words".
At the end of Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin Dynasties, literature entered the era of consciousness: Jian 'an era.
"The world is in chaos, the wind is failing and the people are resentful", but the literati's poetry shows a great development trend of "five words take off", with "Three Caos", RoyceWong and other "seven sons of Jian 'an" as the center, forming a group of literati. Most of their poems reflect the turmoil of the times and the sufferings of the people, express their personal ideals and ambitions, and have the style of "generosity" and "deep ambition", which is praised as "Jian 'an style" by later generations.
The most outstanding achievements in Jian 'an poetry are Cao Zhi and RoyceWong.
At the turn of Wei and Jin Dynasties, social customs changed. The Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest are the representative poets in Zhengshi period, among which Ruan Ji and Ji Kang are the most famous and have the highest achievements.
Ruan Ji's Eighty-two Poems about Huai is the first large-scale five-character poem with personal lyrical color in China, and Ji Kang has opened up a new realm of four-character poems.
During the reign of Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty, the poetry circle was known as "three lands and two lefties".
Works by Lu Ji, Zhang Xie and Pan Yue. Pursuing beautiful words and creating the style of carving and piling up China's poems; Zuo Si is unique and inherits the literary tradition of Jian 'an. His eight poems about history express his feelings with high emotional tone and vigorous brushwork, and he is known as the "wind of Zuo Si". Metaphysical poetry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty flooded for a while, and it was not until the appearance of Tao Yuanming at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty that the poetic world suddenly added luster. Shi Tao's poems are mostly rural life, and their style is naturally faded. They are "qualitative and practical, rich and practical" (Su Shi's language), which has a direct impact on the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the representative poets in the South were Xie Lingyun, Xie and Bao Zhao.
Xie Lingyun created landscape poems and realized the transformation from metaphysical poems to landscape poems. Influenced by it, Xie and Xie Lingyun are called "big and small thanks" when describing landscapes. Bao Zhao is good at expressing cynicism with the ancient seven-character style, and his style is elegant and bold, paving the way for the development of seven-character songs in Tang Dynasty.
The most accomplished poet in the north is Yu Xin, who goes from south to north. He wrote homesickness with vigorous and powerful pen, integrated the poetic style of the North and the South, and became a master of poetry in the Six Dynasties. The reflection of Yuefu folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties before and after Yuefu in the Han Dynasty. Folk songs in the Southern Dynasties are graceful and euphemistic, and the masterpiece is Xizhou Song. The folk songs of the Northern Dynasties are rough and bold, and the masterpiece is Mulan Poetry.
The Tang Dynasty is the golden age in the history of China's poetry, with complete poetic style, various schools, famous artists and outstanding achievements.
"Four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty" (Wang Bo, Yang Jiong and Lu) and later inherited the poetic style of Han and Wei Dynasties, vigorously swept away the decadent poetic style of Qi Liang Palace and sang fresh and healthy songs, paving the way for the development of Tang poetry.
In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, two schools of poetry first appeared:
First, the school of pastoral poetry represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran is characterized by leisure, fresh and natural style;
Second, frontier poets, represented by Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling, wrote more about frontier scenery and military life, either generously and tragically or magnificently. So Li Bai and Du Fu were born, known as the "Gemini" in the history of China's poetry.
Li Bai, the "Poet Fairy", inherited and carried forward the romantic tradition of China's poems, praised the great rivers and mountains of the motherland, and showed the contradiction between ideal and reality. His emotions are like fire, and his style is bold and elegant.
Du Fu, a poet sage, inherited and developed the traditional spirit of realism. His poems widely and profoundly reflect the era of prosperity and decline in the Tang Dynasty, and are known as "the history of poetry", with deep feelings and gloomy style. Li and Du became poets of Zebei University with their unique styles and great achievements.
After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang poetry experienced a short transition, and the second prosperity appeared in the middle Tang Dynasty. Represented by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen, the New Yuefu Movement was launched. They advocated that "articles should keep pace with the times, and poetry should keep pace with the times", and created allegorical poems such as New Yuefu and Qin Zhongyin, criticizing the disadvantages of the times. Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Journey are famous ancient Long song, which are gripping and have been passed down to this day.
Different from Bai Yuan's pursuit of simplicity and popularity, Han Meng's poetry school, represented by Han Yu and Meng Jiao, advocates strangeness and writes poems in prose. In addition, there are poets with artistic personality, such as Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan.
At the turn of the middle and late Tang Dynasty, Li He, the "Shi Gui", and Leng Yan were deep, fantastic and romantic.
In the late Tang Dynasty, the poetic style tends to be light and sentimental, but Du Mu and Li Shangyin, known as "Little Du Li", made the highest achievements. Du Mu is good at the Seven Musts, reciting history and remembering the past, and lyrically writing scenery, all of which are fresh and elegant and charming. Li Shangyin's Seven Rhythms are affectionate and graceful in style, especially the untitled poems, which are meaningful, inspiring, profound, beautiful and unique.
The overall achievement of Song poetry is not as good as that of Tang poetry, but it has its own characteristics.
In contrast, Tang poetry is mainly emotional, cheerful and healthy, and wins with the environment; Song poetry is based on reason, profound and tortuous, and wins with meaning. Poets in the early Song Dynasty, such as Yang Yi and Qian, studied Li Shangyin, whose name was Quincy style. Prisoners Yu Wang, May Yao Chen, Su Shunqin, etc. It opposed the shortcomings of Quincy's only talking about temperament and lacking social content, which laid the foundation for the healthy development of Song poetry.
Ouyang Xiu advocated the poetry innovation movement and restored the tradition of paying attention to reality. The tendency of paying attention to spirit and being good at thinking in Song poetry is more and more obvious.
Su Huang was the most influential poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. Su Shi is a writer with the most comprehensive literary and artistic achievements in the Song Dynasty. His poems are lyrical and free, which develops the tendency of argumentative and prosaic culture in Song Dynasty. Huang Tingjian, the founder of Jiangxi Poetry School, paid attention to the reference and creation of poetic language, and advocated "turning iron into gold", "robbing the fetus for bones" and "no words can be found anywhere". His poems are based on Du Fu, thin and hard, and innovative. There are other poets in Jiangxi, such as Chen and others.
The outstanding representatives of poets in the Southern Song Dynasty are the "Four Great Poets of Zhongxing" (Lu You, You Mao, Yang Wanli and Fan Chengda), all of whom came from Jiangxi Poetry School, and finally they all became their own. Lu You was a great patriotic poet in Song Dynasty, with nearly 10,000 poems, which sang the strongest voice of the times. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, "Yongjia Siling" and Jianghu Poetry School appeared, and their works were weak in realism and poetic style. By the end of the Song Dynasty, the patriotic poems of Wen Tianxiang, Wang Yuanliang and others added the last glory to the poetry circle of the Song Dynasty. Yuan Haowen, the most outstanding poet in Jin Dynasty, is rich in content, "gloomy and sad, with his own tone" (Zhao Yi's language).