Another example is Jia Dao's "Li Ning lives in seclusion", which says, "There are few neighbors, and the grass path enters an empty garden. /The bird stopped in the tree by the pool and the monk knocked at the door. /color separation across the bridge, moving stones and moving cloud roots. /I will come back here temporarily, and I will live up to my words during the quiet period. " The word "you" in the title is "eye", which is the key to understanding the whole poem. Every couplet in the poem is closely linked with the word "seclusion". The first couplet is about the "seclusion" of residence: living in a corner, no one, quiet grass path and sparse empty garden. Parallel prose and neck couplets describe the "quietness" of the environment: parallel prose is lined with sounds, birds are singing in the trees by the pool, and the old monk gently knocks on the door in the bright moonlight, all of which show the quietness of the environment; Necklace writing from night to day, or from the perspective of the environment, but the vision is much broader, across the bridge, around the boulder, along the way, everywhere quiet, full of wild interest, the poet's inner joy arises spontaneously. Couplets reveal the poet's longing for seclusion.
It can be seen that the key to reading poetry lies in grasping "poetic eyes" and "inscribing eyes".
Second, analyze the ideological content of poetry. To correctly understand the ideological content of ancient poetry, the most fundamental thing is to learn to know people and comment on the world. As Mr. Lu Xun said, "To write a paper, it is best to take the whole article, the author and their social state into account, which is more conclusive." For example, Li Qingzhao's Dream should be related to the background at that time: Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng were deeply in love, but "Yi Anshu couldn't bear to leave after a long time of not getting married" (Liu Yisheng's Song Ci), so we can understand the sentimental feelings of this word by asking questions and answering questions, and love flowers and cherish spring. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate ancient poetry, learn to know people and discuss the world, and grasp the tone and theme of poetry as a whole.
Third, explore the wonderful use of standard sentences. Ancient poems often quote allusions and turn them into poems, which are related to rich connotations. To appreciate ancient poetry, we must understand the source and significance of allusions and poems, and explore the wonderful use of allusions and poems in ancient poetry. For example, in Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow", "After ten miles in the spring breeze, the wheat is green". In other words, Du Mu's poem "Spring Breeze Yangzhou Road Shili" was used. Its application here makes the former prosperity of Yangzhou City in sharp contrast with the present depression, which hurts the memory of the past. Exploring the wonderful use of standardized sentences is the basis of accurately understanding ancient poetry.
Fourth, experience the expressive effect of rhetorical devices. In ancient poetry, for the needs of image and lyricism, various artistic techniques are often used to express it, among which the most important ones are metaphor, arousal, personification, exaggeration, duality, repetition and foil. If we grasp the expressive effect of these techniques, we can better understand the image of poetry and the author's feelings. How about "Singing Willow"? "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and thousands of strands of green silk tapestries hang down. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " The author abandons the simple and intuitive description method, breaks the traditional thinking of praising things and expressing ambitions, and creates a novel image with unique romantic color for us with strange imagination and clever metaphor. Therefore, to appreciate ancient poetry, we must understand the rhetorical devices and the specific images it refers to in order to correctly understand and grasp the profound connotation of poetry.
Fifth, understand the artistic conception of ancient poetry. Artistic conception is the artistic realm of the work and the harmonious unity of the author's thoughts, feelings and life pictures. Understanding the artistic conception of ancient poetry is the highest state of appreciation, which can make the appreciator enjoy beauty, cultivate emotion and purify the soul, thus actively and consciously creating and broadening the artistic realm of ancient poetry. Understanding artistic conception should pay attention to comparison, innovation and association. Such as: Lu You "Bu Operator? Yongmei and Fan Chengda's Little Corner of first frost? Yongmei's two poems of "Mei" both pay attention to the description of images, and both use "Mei" as a metaphor to express emotions, but their artistic conception is different. From the environmental point of view, Lu Ci chose the stormy dusk, which highlighted the bitterness of the environment and laid the "lonely" image of plum blossom. The mode words choose a moonlit environment after snow for plum blossom, which sets off the lonely image of plum blossom. Judging from the author's emotional sustenance, Lu Ci, after writing the lonely image of plum blossom, has deepened the subjective spirit of plum blossom, which is not pleasing, flattering, bearing the wind and rain alone and suffering from the fox's sorrow alone, with two meanings of "loneliness" and "as always". "No desire for spring, everyone is jealous. "According to the characteristics of plum blossom in the first place among flowers, the author gave birth to the spiritual realm of plum blossom. She doesn't pursue spring opening, in order not to compete with flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, and flowers, giving plum a noble sentiment that does not seek glory. " "As usual" further praised the noble and strong character of Meihua, and always kept moral integrity. Scattering, turning into mud and grinding into dust gradually bear the tragic fate of plum blossom, and fall out of the preciousness of "only fragrance remains". The author uses Yongmei to express his ambition, and the individuality of flower products is integrated. Plum blossoms in typical ci do not have the multi-level features of plum blossoms in Lu ci. The poet expresses the charm of plum blossom with "winning without arrogance, losing with grace": the beauty is extreme, and the sadness is extreme, and the image of the person leaning on the painting floor is in harmony with plum blossom, rendering melancholy. The image of plum blossom is both sad and touching. Once compared, the artistic conception of the two words is full of depth.
Understanding the lyric methods of ancient poetry
Most ancient poems are lyric poems. Lyricism can be divided into direct lyric and indirect lyric. The lyric way of ancient poetry is mainly indirect lyric, that is, expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings by means of "borrowing scenery to express feelings" and "supporting things to express feelings", with the blending of scenes as the highest realm.
For example, Su Shi's Nian Nu Jiao? The first part of "Red Cliff Nostalgia" describes the picturesque scenery of the ancient battlefield in Red Cliff, while the second part shows that people are attracted by the scenery, thinking of Zhou Yu, a promising young Confucian general who has made great achievements here, and his own relegation, thus expressing the infinite feelings that the poet's ideal cannot be realized. Therefore, when we appreciate ancient poetry, we must make it clear: 1, what is this poem about-who (including the author who is the lyric hero)? Where is it? What time? What are the "things" and "scenery" you wrote? What "ambition" and "affection" did you express? 2. How to write-how to write these "things" and "scenes"? 3. Why do you want to write like this-what is the role of writing these "things" and "scenes" in expressing this "feeling" and "ambition"?
Specifically, we can start from two aspects: ideological content and artistic form:
1. Grasp the theme of the poem
(1) Resist foreign aggression and serve countries such as Du Fu's "Spring Hope", Lu You's "November 4th Storm" and Wen Tianxiang's "Crossing the Zero Ding Yang";
(2) Condemning the fatuity of rulers, such as "Qinhuai" of Du Mu;
(3) sympathize with the sufferings of ordinary people, such as Zhang's "Goat? Tongguan Nostalgia ",Bai Juyi's" Looking at Wheat Cutting ";
(4) Show affection, friendship and love, such as Farewell to the Governor of Shu, Untitled by Li Shangyin and Tianjingsha by Ma Zhiyuan? Qiu Si ";
(5) Express the author's noble sentiment or true feelings (philosophy), such as Zhu's reading experience, Tao Yuanming's drinking, Du Fu's seeking for yue, Wang Anshi's climbing the mountain and Su Shi's water tune;
(6) Love nature and praise the beauty of rivers and mountains, such as Bai Juyi's Spring Tour in Qiantang;
2. Appreciate art forms
(1) lyric poetry, such as Zhang's "Mountain Sheep? Tongguan nostalgia ""Xing, the people suffer; Death, the people suffer! " At the end of Du Fu's "Cottage Blown by Autumn Wind", "There are thousands of spacious buildings in Andrew, and the poor in the world are happy! The wind and rain are calm as a mountain. Oh! Suddenly I saw this house in front of me, and I froze to death alone! "
(2) Scenes blend together, such as Du Fu's "Looking at Yue" and "Once you climb to the top of the mountain and peek, you can see at a glance that other mountains are short in the sky ..." Wang Anshi's "Reaching the peak" is "not afraid of clouds to cover your eyes, just because you are at the highest place."
(3) Clever use of rhetoric (such as metaphor, contrast, etc. ), such as Li Bai's "It's hard to walk", "It's hard to walk, it's hard to walk, many different roads, and now it's peaceful? One day, I will ride the wind and waves, sail straight and cross the deep sea. " Gong Zizhen's "Ji Hai Miscellaneous Poems" concludes: "Falling in red is not heartless, but turning into spring mud will protect flowers more."
(4) Implicit and concise, there is a meaning on the surface, but there is another meaning, such as Zhu's poem: "The square pond is half an acre, and the sky is cloudy." . Ask the canal to be so clear, because there is flowing water at the source. "If there is no hint of reading the topic, I am afraid that many people will really think that the author is writing a beautiful pond.
(5) The words used are distinctive, such as Bai Juyi's Spring Tour in Qiantang, "A few early warblers compete for warm trees, whose new swallow pecks at the spring mud. Flowers are more and more attractive, and shallow grass can be without horseshoes. " A few words with dots in the sentence are unique and accurate in expressing "early" in early spring.
In addition, there is another point that can not be ignored, that is, we should have a certain understanding of some important writers and works, when they were born, what was the social situation at that time (time and writing background), the author's own political tendencies and ideological views, and what are the characteristics of the works ... These will also help us understand the works.
How to solve the problem of appreciation of ancient poetry
1. Answer notes.
1, see the requirements of the topic clearly.
Be sure to answer according to the specific requirements of the topic, and never say anything irrelevant to the topic.
Pay attention to the title of this poem.
The title of ancient poetry is often the eye of the whole poem, which sometimes plays a guiding role in understanding the whole poem. There are roughly the following situations: (1) The title points out the seasonal characteristics related to the writing content. For example, autumn in Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains by Wang Wei, Spring Rain in Lin 'an by Lu You and Night Talk on a Rainy Night by Li Shangyin. (2) The title directly points out the main body or key points involved in the content of the work. For example, Wang Wei's "Sacrifice to Silu Brothers in a Mountain Residence" and "Farewell to Vice Governor Du for his post in Shu". (3) The title directly points out the poet's emotional tone. Such as "hate" in Du Fu's "Hate Farewell".
3. Grasp the key words.
Most of the keywords in ancient poetry are what we usually call "poetic eyes". If we grasp it and think carefully, we can find the breakthrough point to understand the whole poem correctly. What can I think about by grasping the key words? (1) Think about its meaning. (2) Think about its rhetorical significance. (3) Think about its emotional significance. The emotion contained in keywords is often the emotional tone of the whole poem. If you understand it, you will basically master the whole poem.
4. Experience the artistic conception of the whole poem.
Artistic conception includes the poet's subjective modality and objective scenery, and is often deeply attached to and integrated with the scenery. For example, some sentences, such as "the west wind on the ancient road is thin and the horse is thin, and the sun goes down", "The cock crows in Maodian, and the frost on the bridge is rejected by people" and "I sail far away from the sky, only the Yangtze River flows", are full of the poet's specific affection. When you understand the artistic conception, you can grasp the image and feelings of the poem, and also grasp the ideological content of the poem.
5. The answer is appropriate and concise.
If you want to evaluate artistic achievements (or language features, or expression skills) or the attitude of the author, you must proceed from the specific content of the poem, and don't misinterpret the original intention, let alone artificially exaggerate it. Because the mood of most ancient poets is the same as that of ordinary people, and it changes with different scenes. In short, what you feel is what you feel. Don't always give the poet praise such as "noble" and "great".
The language of answering questions should be concise and complete. Don't repeat the whole poem; The meaning of every sentence in the answer should be clear and concise, and never be wordy.
Second, the answer steps.
How to appreciate a specific ancient poem? Generally speaking, it is divided into several steps:
The first step is to read the whole poem silently twice and get a general impression.
The second step is to find out the nouns that describe the scenery, things and people in the poem (sometimes pay attention to the modifiers before the nouns) and find out what is written.
The third step is to find out the verbs or adjectives that reflect the poet's mood (such as pity, sadness, sadness, pain, anger, resentment, sigh, smile, joy, joy, etc.). ) and find out the feelings expressed by the poet.
The fourth step is to see what the topic implies, and then make a general thinking.
Third, appreciate the common words in ancient poetry.
1. Words that reflect the overall expression of ancient poetry: direct lyricism (or "expressing one's mind directly" or "expressing feelings about things"). Indirect lyric, including lyric by scenery, lyric by scenery and lyric by things. In addition, there are those who want to promote the first, belittle the real praise, combine praise and criticism, and so on.
2. Words that reflect the poet's mood (feelings): joy, cheerfulness, excitement, sadness, indignation, sadness, admiration, farewell, attachment, heroism, leisure and tranquility.
3. Words that reflect the language characteristics of ancient poetry: concise, concise, humorous, humorous, simple and natural, fresh and beautiful, vivid, rhythmic, musical and artistic.
4. Words reflecting the structural characteristics of ancient poetry: straight to the point, step by step, interlocking, echoing before and after, etc.
5. Words that reflect the overall style of ancient poetry: vigorous, majestic, tragic, broad-minded, desolate, gloomy, elegant, euphemistic, implicit, lingering, fresh, lively, beautiful, desolate, sad, bright, bold and graceful.
6. Words that reflect the expression effect of ancient poetry: sincere and touching, touching, tear-jerking, lofty artistic conception, blending scenes, intriguing, incoherent and so on.
First, understand the role of commonly used rhetorical methods.
1, metaphor: turn plain into vivid; Turn abstruse into simple; Turn abstract into concrete; Turn verbosity into conciseness.
2, metonymy: simple instead of complex; Replace the virtual with the real; Replace ordinary with odd numbers; Exchange things for feelings.
3. Analogy: bright colors; Depicting the image; Rich in meaning.
4. Exaggeration: reveal the essence and inspire people; Set off the atmosphere and enhance the appeal; Enhance association and create an atmosphere.
5. Duality: easy to memorize and remember; Used in poetry, with musical beauty; Concise ideographic and lyrical.
6. parallelism: the content is concentrated and the momentum is enhanced; The narrative is thorough and detailed; The rhythm is distinct and longer than lyricism.
7. Ask questions: attract attention and inspire thinking.
8. rhetorical question: strengthen the tone.
Third, you can use some models to do exam-oriented operation training first.
According to the college entrance examination proposition, it can be summarized into three formats-"what to write", "how to write" and "what is the language" to train the answering steps.
The first type: what is written (content)?
Q: What kind of artistic atmosphere does this poem create? What thoughts and feelings did the author express?
Question variant ①: What kind of picture does a couplet show us? What kind of thoughts did the poet express?
Question variant ②: What kind of scenery are described in some poems? What kind of feelings did the poet express?
A: The format consists of three parts-describing the poetic scene, summarizing the artistic features and analyzing the author's thoughts.
The first part, we should use our own language to describe the artistic conception of poetry creation. There are two main points here. First, use your own language and avoid direct quotation. The second is to describe the main scenery. You don't have to write every sentence and every scenery, but you should write most of the main scenery in beautiful language.
The second part, after describing the pictures, summarizes the atmosphere characteristics of the situations created by these scenes in a concise sentence, either quiet, bleak, vibrant or lonely and desolate. ...
The third part, according to the characteristics of this poem (or several poems), talks about the poet's thoughts and feelings.
Common mistakes: first, literal translation is used to describe the scenery, and the description is changed to translation; Second, it often focuses on the positive contrast mode of "thinking and environment, scene blending", which leads to the wrong understanding of thoughts and feelings. In this case, we should think more about the poet's life, ambition or title, and distinguish whether the scenery sets off thoughts and feelings positively or negatively to avoid making mistakes.
It will be better to do more problems by yourself!