Poetry is the oldest literature and art in China, and it is one of the most vivid expression carriers of our national thoughts and feelings. It is a wonderful flower in China national culture and art garden. The Book of Songs is the earliest masterpiece with a unique artistic form. From the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC) to the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 AD), it gradually developed into art forms such as Chuci, Yuefu, Antique and so on. It also rose from the Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18-907) and developed into a style.
Poetry needs ingenious artistic techniques to achieve perfect artistic expression. Looking at Chinese ancient poetry and modern poetry, the artistic techniques used generally include: description of narrative scenery, rhetoric of metaphor and rendering of contrast atmosphere. In short, it is three artistic techniques: Fu, Bi and Xing.
Fu is a technique of direct narration or sketch, that is, simply describing the reality of creation to express the author's thoughts and feelings, and it is also the most commonly used lyric method in poetry creation. Comparison is a technique of metaphor or analogy. It is the most widely used artistic technique of thinking in images in poetry creation. Xing is to cause association or imagination through the trigger of objective scenery. The starting point or opportunity of imagination is xing. Fu, Bi and Xing are not opposites.
The typification process is a shortcut to grasp the essence of things.
Fu is mainly based on direct narration and line drawing. In order to make line drawing and direct narration more infectious, we must choose the most realistic, valuable and typical things to describe, so as to prop up the emotional building and create an attractive and intriguing artistic realm. Poetry can reflect the rich and colorful social life, but it is impossible to cram everything we see and hear in society into poetry. We must take something and add or subtract it.
In the process of typification, poets often use the techniques of "less is more" and "small is greater". Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long Searching for Things" that "less is more, and love is clear". When you cover any landscape, you will find it is rich and colorful. Anyway, it's complicated to say it over and over again, beyond words. It highlights the vitality of the early spring season, and "seeing the big from the small" means looking at the whole from the local, the whole from the limited and the infinite from the limited. It also achieves the effect of "seeing the big from the small" through typical small scenery and life details. For example, in Nie Gannu's poem "Weeding", "The new seedlings are not one foot high, and the weeds have been mowed three times." In fact, it reflected the major social problems of "breaking the old and building the new" at that time. From the perspective of poetry creation, it has produced a good artistic effect. If less is an important means of typification, then seeing the big from the small is an important way of visualization.
Second, whether the exaggerated description is distorted or too close to the truth.
"Wen Xin Diao Long? Nai Shi said, "Since the beginning of heaven and earth, people's appearance has been enriched, their words have been impressed, and exaggeration has remained forever. "As a positive rhetorical method, exaggeration has existed since ancient times.
The so-called exaggeration is to express needs and consciously expand or narrow the description of objective things, thus arousing people's rich associations and highlighting the characteristics of things. For example, Nie Gannu's Seven Laws "Carrying Water" "One shoulder is dry, and the sun and the moon are hanging." Create a deep impression with exaggerated methods, and make readers produce * * *. However, exaggeration must have a certain realistic basis, that is, it should not be too close to the facts, otherwise it will easily lead to misunderstanding by readers. This should come from reality and be higher than reality, just like literary creation. Therefore, exaggeration is different from boasting, and its purpose is to make people feel subjective feelings and attitudes, so as to express their thoughts and feelings more deeply. The model essay "Eye of Poetry" says: "Similarity is beneficial to poets." For example, in Li Bai's "Flying Down Three thousands of feet", it is suspected that the Milky Way has set for nine days.
Thirdly, the application of dynamic and static combination in the comparison of fu.
In the process of applying Fu, how to make the poet's still life vivid is mainly a sense of interaction between object and subject. Hugh's theory is also a rhetorical method of turning static into dynamic and writing static with dynamic. In specific applications, personification and imitation can be used. For example, in Song Linbu's "Xiaomei in the Mountain Garden", the poem "The frost bird wants to get a glimpse first, and the pink butterfly loses its soul if it knows each other" is cleverly personified. The birds in the frosty wind stole their eyes and lost their souls, which were vividly portrayed. Li Bai's "birds fly high, lonely clouds go to leisure alone, never tire of looking at each other, and only look at the Jingshan Pavilion" is based on the personification of still life, which makes the immobile move and makes the movers feel affectionate. Another example is "the shadow is shallow" in Lin Bu's Xiao Mei in the Mountain Garden in the Song Dynasty. The poem "The Palace Mountain is quieter" sets off "the forest is quieter" and "the mountain is quieter" with the dynamic "cicada singing" and "bird singing", thus creating a "quiet" realm. This technique is to write a peaceful realm with a voice that arouses people's special feelings.
This technique is often used for coordination. For example, Wang Wei's poem "When people are idle, osmanthus flowers fall, when the night is quiet, Shan Ye is empty, when the moon rises, when birds are frightened, the sound is in the deep stream." It is described by carefully observing and selecting the most typical sounds and actions in various static situations. Poetry is to borrow scenery to express feelings, and all scenery writing is to write feelings. It's good to change static into dynamic and write static with dynamic, all in order to achieve "."
Fourth, the use of positive and negative contrast is an important way to highlight the theme.
Song Zhuxi said: "Compared with others, compared with this thing." In fact, the ways of comparison are ever-changing, such as comparing things with people, people with things, things with meaning, things with meaning, things with meaning and so on.
The so-called positive and negative contrast is a common technique in metaphor. It refers to the contrast between two opposing things or reasons, which makes the characteristics of a certain aspect to be expressed in poetry more obvious and prominent. This is also a law in aesthetics. Rhetorically, it is called contrast and contrast. Among the positive and negative comparisons, there are descriptive comparison, figurative comparison, side comparison and inferential comparison. For example, Du Fu's "Zhumen wine stinks", for example, at the end of Bai Juyi's poem "Light Fat", "I feel bitter when I am full, and I feel good when I am drunk. Jiangnan is early, and people in Zhangzhou eat people. " The contrast between the two completely opposite scenes shocked the readers.
Five, several intriguing metaphors.
The so-called metaphor must have two characteristics: the object expressed by (1) and the object compared must be essentially different on the whole; (2) There are certain "similarities" between various factors in the form or content of the performance object and the comparison object.
This paper introduces several intriguing metaphors: (1) Metaphor is the comprehensive application of various metaphors, thus strengthening the image of the object; (2) The metaphor can only be deepened by association, that is, the metaphor of imagination; It should be compared with things, and there are certain similarities between objects to form a metaphor; (3) Mapping, which adds a pun to "similarity". It can also make metaphor different and abnormal. The ancients called it "reflective belt". (4) pantomime metaphor. Mime metaphor is to contrast, not simply to point out similarities, but to further illustrate the truth by contrasting images to contrast the atmosphere. The ancients called it "pantomime". Ruming? In Yu Qian's Summer Memories of the West Lake, "Jade wrist skirt, Yuanyang flies near the lotus boat." "Yuanyang" is used to set off the intimate atmosphere and artistic conception. In Su Shi's Drinking Chuqing Lake, after the rain clears up, "If you want to compare the West Lake with the West Lake, it is always appropriate to have heavy makeup and light makeup." That is, the anthropomorphic method is used to directly compare the beauty of the West Lake and the stone. The image is vivid and appropriate.
6. Euphemism is an important means to express thoughts and feelings.
The so-called "Qu" is the embodiment of Xie Tiao's "Circle" in technique, that is, the technique of turning Qu to the point. This technique was also called "Yin" by the ancients. The so-called "yin" is not a direct statement at a glance, but an indirect way to set off or imply the original intention. This is a linguistic feature in poetry creation, which can create the artistic conception of poetry. The implication is that the poet's thoughts and feelings are integrated with the objective things he describes, so as to achieve the blending of scenes, or to express his feelings through scenes, contexts, or contexts, such as Qing? In Jiang Shiquan's Hangzhou, the phrase "a sword on one shoulder can ruin the winter road, but you still have to check your cold clothes and pay taxes" is used to set off poverty, and "paying taxes" is a reference to the social environment under the heavy pressure of taxes. As Li Zhonghua said in "Yi Zhen Zhai Shi" in Qing Dynasty: "Although the poem is wonderful, the emotion is vivid". Another example is the Southern Song Dynasty.
There are three ways to succeed: (1) express your intention from the side by borrowing things. For example, in the modern poet Xie Juezai's Random Thoughts on Watching Fish in Huagang, "When I watch fish, I am not a fish. If I forget the intrigue and joy, will the fish still be like this? " Use fish to express your feelings about society. (2) Don't use words in style. The predecessors said that poetry should use words, not words, so the meaning is very profound. The so-called "use" is the original intention and the role of the subject. When writing a function, it will show the original intention and theme from the side, which is also an expression, such as Qing? Yuan Mei's "Diaoyutai" is more important to miss an old friend than to cherish the son of heaven. It goes straight to the point and expresses respect for Yan Ziling from the side, which is more important than "the son of heaven". (3) There is a song in the middle. In ancient poetry, there is such an expression that describes the straight scenery and expresses the mind directly, but it is meaningful and subtle to read. This way is called straight.
Seven, clever use of methods is the "trick" to deepen the artistic conception.
Artistic conception is inseparable from imagination. Imagination can also be said to be "the most outstanding artistic skill". To sublimate the theme of poetry, it is very important to be good at association. The artistic conception of poetry is the soul of poetry. The ancients said: "Poetry is based on meaning, supplemented by qi, and every word is also a soldier." This is a fact. Then popularizing the law is a "trick" of his creation. Liu Xie thought for a thousand years, moved quietly, and saw through Wan Li. "The artistic conception here refers to a series of thinking activities, such as topic selection, material selection, layout and practice, which are not limited to what you hear and see, but can go straight through ancient and modern times and span four dimensions.
In the application of the line method, we can use the techniques of fu xing and bi xing to achieve the purpose of turning reality into virtual and intangible into tangible, and play the role of coexistence of reality and reality, blending scenes, rendering atmosphere and contrasting emotions. This is also called "emotional construction". Xin Qiji's poem "Go boating tomorrow night, leave a few worries on the moon" and Li Qingzhao's poem "Don't move too much"
Eight, clever use of verbs is the main way to practice "poetic eye".
A good poem must blend scenes, that is, express feelings in scenes or borrow scenes to express feelings, and make sense in scenes or borrow scenes to make sense, so as to produce an artistic realm with a high degree of combination of feelings and scenes, meaning and context. Wang Guowei said: "If you can truly describe a scene, it is called realm. Otherwise, it is called a realm. " How to skillfully use verbs in creating artistic conception is very important.
As long as verbs are used well and vividly in poetry, the dynamic beauty and vivid beauty of poetry can be vividly expressed on paper.
Examples abound in good poems of past dynasties. Like Song? The word "support" in Xu Fu's poem "You Chun Hu" says, "If the bridge is broken in the spring rain, the boat will support Liu Yin." The word "brace" vividly sets off a piece of Liu Yin. The ship moved and Liu Yin lived! Another example is gold? Xie Lingyun's poem "The pond is full of spring scenery, and the garden willows turn into singing birds" in Climbing the pond upstairs uses three verbs to outline the vibrant spring scenery. Scenery, objects, colors and shapes are all available, which is fascinating. Shu Ye Wei wrote in "Poems of Pinglu County, Shaanxi Province"
Look at Song again? Beware of "Exploring Fang Xun"? The last sentence in Xiling Chun Qing is "the most charming, the setting sun loves willows." The word "love" points out the author's longing and deep affection for "spring", sets off the inner artistic conception of "longing" and deepens the theme of the whole poem.
Especially a poem, there are only a few words. So be concise, clear and profound. Then, refine sentences and words. It is also called practicing "poetic eyes" in poetry creation. Clever use of verbs can often achieve good artistic results. Many "poetic eyes" are also refined in verbs.