Du Fu had a rough life. He was a great realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty and a world cultural celebrity. He and Li Bai are also called "Du Li". Du Fu was the foreign minister of Zuo Shiyi and the proofreading department, so he was later called Du Gongbu. Good at ancient style and rhythmic poetry, with diverse styles. He accurately summed up his work style with the words "depressed and frustrated", mainly focusing on depression. Du Fu lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty, and his poems mostly involved social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings. His poems reflect the social contradictions and people's sufferings at that time, so they are called "the history of poetry". Du Fu is concerned about the country and the people, with noble personality and exquisite poetic skills. Du Fu wrote more than 1400 poems in his life, many of which are famous works that have been handed down through the ages, such as Three Officials, Three Farewells and Du Gongbu Collection. Among them, the "three officials" are Shi Haoguan, Xin 'an official and Tongguan official, and the "three farewell" are newly married, homeless and resigned. Du Fu's poems were the most widely circulated in the Tang Dynasty, and he was one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty, which had a far-reaching influence on later generations.
Du Fu's distant ancestor was Du Yu, a famous soldier in Jin Dynasty. The position that great-grandfather Du once held. Grandfather is Du, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. He is a member of the board of directors and has his own autobiography. In his youth, he traveled to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hebei and Shandong, met Li Bai twice and forged a profound friendship. Father Du Xian holds the position of Fengtianling.
Du Fu and Du Mu are distant relatives, both descendants of Du Yu, the general who destroyed Sun Wu in Jin Dynasty (Du Fu was Du Yu's twentieth grandson). [Edit this paragraph] Du Fu's life Du Fu was born in a family with literary tradition and was the grandson of the famous poet Du Fu. He studied poetry at the age of 7 and became famous at the age of 15. He was frustrated all his life and only worked as a small official such as Zuo Shiyi. Although later generations called it a "poet" and poetry a "history of poetry", it didn't get people's attention at that time in the Tang Dynasty. There is a poem "The Play is Six quatrains (Part II)" which is written about "four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty": "Wang Yang and Luo Lu are contemporary, but they are frivolous; Second, Cao's name is ruined, and he does not waste rivers and mountains. " Among them, there are many poets' self-comparisons. Du Fu's experience and poetry creation can be mainly divided into four periods:
First, the roaming period of reading (before the age of 35)
The so-called "dissolute Zhao Qi, Qiu Ma is quite sober and crazy".
In the 19th year of Kaiyuan (at the age of 20), he began to roam in wuyue, returned to Luoyang five years later, and then Du Fu roamed Qi and Zhao. Later, I met Li Bai in Luoyang, and the two met and hated each other late, forming a profound friendship. Then I met Gao Shi, and the three of them traveled with Liang and Song (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu). Later, Du Li went to qi zhou. After breaking up, they met on East Road respectively. This is the last time that "Shi Xian" and "Shi Sheng" met.
Second, trapped in Chang' an period (35 to 44 years old)
During this period, Du Fu took the exam in Chang 'an for the first time and came last. Li, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, even told Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty that no one in the ruling and opposition parties was successful. Later, he presented gifts to the emperor and presented them to the nobles. He lived a life of "grabbing the rich door in the morning, dressing up the horse dust at dusk, throwing a cup of cold roast and hiding sadness everywhere". Finally, he got the position of right-back leading Cao Cao to join the army (mainly a small official guarding war weapons and treasury keys). During this period, he wrote poems such as "Car Shop" and "Two Ways", criticizing current politics and satirizing dignitaries. The book "Singing 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian" is particularly famous, which indicates that his understanding of the political and social reality of the imperial court has reached a new height after ten years of hard life in Chang 'an.
Third, the period of being trapped as a thief (45 to 48 years old)
When the Anshi Rebellion broke out and Tongguan fell, Du Fu settled in Zhangzhou and went to Suzong alone. He was captured by the Anshi Rebellion and taken to Chang 'an. In the face of chaos in Chang 'an, he heard the news that the loyalist troops were repeatedly defeated, and wrote poems such as Moonlit Night, Spring Hope and Love for the Head of the River. Later, he fled to Fengxiang to cheat and made a collection. Because of his advice, Shangshu was demoted to prime minister of joining the army. (Fang Shu is a typical intellectual, but unrealistic. He fought against the rebels and adopted the Spring and Autumn Array, which resulted in a crushing defeat. Du Fu began to tidy up Zuo's remains. He said Fang was innocent. He was angry and wanted to find fault. Later, he recorded his experiences in the form of poems and became his immortal works, namely "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
"Three officials": Shi Haoguan, Xin 'an official and Tongguan official; "Three Farewells": Wedding Farewells, Homelessness, Farewell to the Old and Welcome to the New.
Four, the southwest wandering period (48 to 58 years old)
With the collapse of Xiangzhou loyalist and the famine of Guanfu, Du Fu abandoned his official and fled with his family, passing through Qin Zhou and Tonggu, and lived a relatively stable life in Chengdu. When he entered the DPRK, the warlord in the middle of Shu rebelled and he went to Zizhou and Langzhou. After Yanwu filmed "Our Times" as a blog in Chengdu, Du Fu went to Yan and died. He drifted again, lived in Kuizhou for two years, drifted to Hubei and Hunan, and died on the Xiangjiang River. During this period, his works include Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Autumn Wind Broke the Straw Shed, Shuxiang, Yellow River Banks Recovered by the Imperial Army, Gordon, Moon Landing Building and many other famous works. One of the most famous poems is: "An De Wan Lou, all the poor people in the world are happy." And the "leaves fall like waterfalls, and I think the long river always rolls forward" in "To the Top" is a swan song. [Edit this paragraph] personal influence Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and developing creatively. He is the pioneer of Han Yuefu's poetic style. His Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the new Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. His "May 7th" ancient novel, which is also a history of poetry, begins to narrate and focus on the whole story, marking the high achievement of China's poetry art. Du Fu also showed extraordinary creativity in the May 7th law, and accumulated complete artistic experience in the aspects of temperament, antithesis, refining words and sentences, which made this genre reach a fully mature stage.
Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, claimed to be young and old at night in his poems. He was born in Xiangyang (Gongxian County, Henan Province) to a landlord family and was a "non-commissioned officer". His grandfather Du was a famous poet in the era of Wu Zetian, and his father was Sima of Yanzhou and magistrate of Fengtian, so he also enjoyed the privilege of not paying taxes and refusing military service. But his life is very difficult.
He began to recite poems at the age of seven, and "reading thousands of books" and "secretly reading thousands of books" prepared sufficient conditions for his creation.
At the age of twenty, he started to travel south to wuyue and then to Zhao Qi. After ten years' intensive tour, he enjoyed the famous mountains and rivers of the motherland, which not only enriched his life, but also broadened his vision and mind, which made his early poems have a strong romantic color.
In the fifth year of Tianbao reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (746), 35-year-old Du Fu came to Chang 'an. The next year, he took the exam written by Tang Xuanzong. Because of the treacherous court official Li, none of the candidates were admitted. Since then, there is no way to make progress and live a humiliating life of "rich in the morning and fat at night". This also enabled him to see the sufferings of the lower class and the evils of the ruling class, and thus wrote realistic masterpieces such as Garage Shop, Two Roads, and Going to Fengxian to pay homage.
It was not until the fourteenth year of Tianbao (755) that he got the position of "a soldier Cao led by Wei" and was in charge of the armory warehouse. In the same year, "An Shi Rebellion" broke out, and Du Fu was visiting relatives in Fengxian (Pucheng, Shaanxi). In the second year, he settled down in Qiang Village, Fuxian County (Shaanxi Province) and went to Su Zong, who acceded to the throne in Lingwu (Gansu Province). On the way, he was captured by the rebels and taken to occupied Chang 'an, during which he witnessed the killing and looting atrocities of the rebels and the suffering of the people. It was not until April of the second year of Zhide (757) that he ventured to Fengxiang (Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province), the temporary residence of Su Zong, and was awarded the post of left editor. Soon after, because he saved Yu Fang Palace, he was demoted to join the army and served as the secretariat of Huazhou. Since then, he has been repeatedly denounced and has a deeper understanding of the sufferings of the people. The social reality he heard and witnessed provided materials for his creation of "Spring Watch", "Ai Jiang Tou", "Northern Expedition" and "Three Officials and Three Farewells", which made his poems reach the peak of realism.
"I am full of sadness and trouble because people travel far." In 759, he abandoned his official position, moved his family to the west and finally arrived in Chengdu. With the help of Yanwu and others, a thatched cottage was built on the banks of Huanhua River in the west of the city, which was called "Du Fu Caotang" or "Huanhuacao Hall" in history. Later, it was recommended by Yanwu as the festival capital, and the whole family lived in fengjie county, Sichuan. Two years later, I left fengjie county and moved around Jiangling and Hengyang. In the fifth year of Tang Daizong Dali (770), the poet died on a boat in Xiangjiang River. In his last eleven years in southwest China, although he lived a different life, he wrote more than 1000 poems, such as Autumn Wind Broken Cottage, Yellow River Banks Recovered by Imperial Army, Autumn Prosperity, Sui Yanxing and so on. [Edit this paragraph] Du Fu's Thought The core of Du Fu's thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent governance. He has a great ambition of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior first, and then making the customs pure". He loves life, people and the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hated evil, exposed and criticized the corruption of the imperial court and the dark phenomenon in social life. He sympathized with the people and was even willing to make sacrifices to save their suffering. Therefore, his poetry creation always runs through the main line of worrying about the country and the people, with the most ordinary people as the protagonist, which shows Du Fu's greatness. His poems are rich in social content, rich in the color of the times and distinctive in political inclination, which truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and broad social life prospect of a historical era before and after the An Shi Rebellion, and are called the "history of poetry" of a generation. The style of Du Fu's poems is basically "gloomy and frustrated", and the language and text structure are full of changes, emphasizing the refinement of words and sentences. At the same time, his poems have many styles. Besides the five ancient poems, the seven ancient poems, the five laws and the seven laws, he also wrote many lines. There are also various artistic techniques, which are the epitome of the ideological art of Tang poetry. Du Fu also inherited the spirit of Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties, got rid of the shackles of the ancient Yuefu themes and created many new Yuefu themes, such as the famous Three Officials and Three Farewells. After his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Fu's poems had a far-reaching influence on Bai Yuan's literary thought of "New Yuefu Movement" and Li Shangyin's near-body allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Wang Yucheng, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu, while Wen Tianxiang regarded Du Fu's poems as a spiritual force to adhere to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems, from ancient times to the present, has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art. For details of his life, see Old Tang Book 190.
Although Du Fu is a realistic poet, he also has a wild and unruly side. It is not difficult to see Du Fu's heroism and dry clouds from his masterpiece Song of Drinking Eight Immortals. Geng Xu, 59, has lived in Dali for five years. On the 21 ST of the first month, I lost my memory. In the second year of Shangyuan, I wrote poems every day. I gave them to Wang Jun and Jing Chaoxian in Hanzhong as a reward. In late spring, I met Li Guinian. In April, he avoided chaos and entered Hengzhou (now Hengyang). I can't eat for ten days because the water is too strong. According to my uncle's Cui Wei, I want to go to Chenzhou, and I want to go to Leiyang. Leiyang made him know, so he took a boat back to Du Fu. Beef and white wine died in Leiyang overnight.